Summary Of The Type Of Book By Jean Louise Finch

Genre:The type of book this is, is realistic fiction, because they are in a fictional town and fictional people are in there, but events in there can really happen in the reality .They live in a small town in Alabama in the 1930’s were racial relations has occurred.Overall,we know that the genre is realistic fiction because they live in a town that is fictional and they’re fictional people but real events happens. Point of View:The point of view of this book is the first person.I say this because everything is seen in Scout’s eyes in this book.She is the narrator of this book because not only she speaks a lot everyone and everything is in her view,so she has the control of the story and what she thinks of the character’s in it. Protagonists:The main characters of the story is Jean Louise Finch but some people call her Scout she is the main character and she is the daughter of Atticus Finch,the sister of Jeremy Finch, the friends of Boo Radley and Dill Harris.Another character in the book is Jem which is the brother of Scout and also the friend of Dill but he despises Boo Radley.Atticus is the father of both Jem and Scout, he is a lawyer who defends a â€Å"black man† in court.Dill is a friend of Jem and Scout, but he has feelings for Scout.Although Boo Radley doesn t talk during this book he is an very important part of the book because he puts the blanket over Scout after a fire had happened, he also saved her from getting killed. Antagonist:The person that is making theShow MoreRelatedTeaching Middle and High School Students Literature7100 Words   |  29 Pagesin the discussion. It motivates them in giving their point of view of the selection being read. Short Story Selections: The Scarlet Ibis (1987) by James Hurst. Publisher: Creative Education; Paperback: 128 pages ISBN: 0886820006 – Young Adult Summary: Ashamed of his younger brothers physical handicaps, an older brother teaches him how to walk and pushes him to attempt more strenuous activities. Invite the students to share responses to what causes us to be cruel to someone we love?Read MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesBookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale

Preventing Global Warming Essay - 1219 Words

Global Warming Global warming is a grave issue that is affecting not only the United States, but the whole world as well. Various international strategies need to be implemented so that these issues can be tackled. If taken seriously, the issue of global warming can not only be overcome, it can be prevented as well. Global warming is an event that will affect many people and animals all over the world. Humans will be affected the most due to global warming because of things like temperature increase. Many people believe that global warming began since the industrial revolution during the 18th century. During this time heat-trapping gases began to load in the atmosphere, gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Global warming will†¦show more content†¦Insulate homes, clean air conditioning filters and install energy efficient showerheads. Also, install a solar heated system to provide hot water. This will protect the environment a lot. Recycle every homes waste newsprint, cardboard, glass and metal, then replace current washing machines with a low-energy, low-water-use machines as it can save power and water. Buy food and other products with reusable or recyclable packaging instead of those in non-recyclable packaging. Replace every homes refrigerator with a high-efficiency model. Use a n electric or push mower instead of a gasoline-powered mower to cut lawns. Plant native, drought-resistant trees and shrubs around your home and install an outdoor air conditioning unit. If all these methods are used, then global warming will eventually cease to exist. When it comes to election time, the United States always brings the topic of global warming into the discussion. Although it is widely discussed by the candidates, after the politician is elected, it seems as if the issue disappears into thin air. The candidate preaches he will do this and he will do that, but in the end, nothing is seemingly done. Global warming is a serious issue that needs to be dealt with, not just talked about. Governments should increasingly look towards wind power and other renewable energy sources to combat increasing greenhouse gases and global warming. If every country cut about a quarterShow MoreRelatedEssay about Preventing Global Warming3042 Words   |  13 PagesPreventing Global Warming The Earth is a dynamic, constantly changing environment in which the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere all interact. When one changes slightly the change is then felt through out the spheres. Humans need to understand that the change they cause can have a potential for a disastrous affect on the environment. From injecting the atmosphere with greenhouse gas, or deforestation, all the unnatural things done to the environment will have an unnatural affect thatRead More Solutions to preventing the spread of global warming and its affects1632 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The American flag has gone through changes over time; those changes have made an impact on our country and made it what it is today.† Our earth is like the American flag, it is constantly changing, and one issue that affects our earth is global warming. We now live in an industrialized world which is filled with many new technologies that provide goods and services to us, provide us with energy and electric ity and transportation. These new technological advances have made our lives much easier toRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Caused By Emission Of Greenhouse Gases Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is caused by emission of greenhouse gases. 72% of the totally emitted greenhouse gases Is carbon dioxide. CO2 is inevitably created by burning of fuels like e.g. Oil, diesel, petrol etc. The use of such fuels can be minimized by using alternative fuels which do not contain carbon or contain less carbon. The alternative fuels such as ethanol produced from renewable lignocellulosic resources or fuels produced from seawater. Research on improving ethanol production is accelerating forRead MoreEssay on Global Warming is Causing Climate Change535 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal warming is the increase in the earth’s atmospheric temperature. Naturally occurring gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor trap heat from the sun, preventing it from leavin g the atmosphere. These naturally occurring gases along with human made hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are collectively known as greenhouse gases. This essay will explain why global warming is fast becoming a cause for concern and whyRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change992 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Warming What is Global warming? Global warming is the increased heating of Earth s surface, oceans and atmosphere; generally associated to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Global warming is a highly controversial and debated topic. Global warming has become a threat to everyone and everything on Earth. Can we do anything to slow it down? Can we reverse the damage we ve created? We live our lives only thinkingRead More Pollution Essay: Don’t Blame Me for Global Warming1033 Words   |  5 Pagesspoke of the horrendous situations stemming from global warming. This makes no sense; with the facts and information that we have received over the years they still support this preposterous idea. Humans do nothing to contribute to global warming; the irregular climate events are just natural occurrences. These occurrences are no stranger to our history either. (â€Å"Global Warm Up†)(â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†) The most recent case of significant warming was between the years 1850 and 1940. Most scientistsRead MoreMisconstrued Time in Ferdi Riskiyanto ´s Advertisment842 Words   |  3 Pagesoccurs. In an advertisement by Ferdi Rizkiyanto, a digital artist, an hourglass is used to represent time before the fate of humans concludes due to global warming. Within the hourglass, sand has been replaced by the water of melting icebergs, and the droplets trickle into the lower level containing the homes of modern day society. The global warming hourglass ad attempts to emphasize the importance of immediately solving earth’s impending environmental problems by appealing to the emotions of fearRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Product Of Green House Effect1437 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is the most talked topic in our time. It is the increasing temperature of Earth’s surface, oceans and atmosphere. There is an evidence that shows earth temperature increased by 1.4% since late 18 00s, which sounds small number but scientist predicted the temperature will rise another 2 to 11.5 degrees F over next 100 years. Global warming is a product of green house effect. Question is, what is greenhouse effect? In common word, the interaction between Earth’s atmosphereRead MoreChanging Perspective From Global Warming1554 Words   |  7 PagesChanging Perspective from Global Warming to Climate Change Global warming is one of the biggest problems facing the world today. Global warming is the rise in the earth’s mean surface temperature. This is due to increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which affects life forms on the earth’s surface. The scientific consensus as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century. ManyRead MoreEssay The Beginning of Global Warming 1288 Words   |  6 PagesOne may believe Global Warming is tedious and a myth and show no concern for the environment surrounding them. The reason for choosing this topic of Global Warning is because Global Warming is a reality that the world must recognize. People must understand the many changes occurring on earth as well as the people all over the world have prevented global warming. The earth has many changes that have occurred in the past and further events waiting to occurring in the future. There are many facts to

Biology Essay on Sperm Competition free essay sample

The female has a lot of say in who fathers her young, she can control the length of her vagina and is more likely to pick the male with the best shaped penis, the longest penis or the stiffest. This way she can have the best genes for her offspring. Through co-evolution the female has been able to mirror the shape of the male’s penis with her vagina. The female can control the males sperm content inside of her because of her blind ending pouches and therefore reduces forced copulation. The female ducks have certain behavioural characteristics that indicate they are ready for copulation. Certain muscles in the vagina show signs that they are preparing to mate including relaxing (Patricia L. R. Brennan 2009). The male gentalia found in waterfowl is very uncommon among birds. (Patricia L. R. Brennan 2009). Fertilisation partners can be influenced by certain bodily functions and structures. The penis is generally located, inverted, in the Phallic sack. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Essay on Sperm Competition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the penis is erect it is still adaptable and is not limited to stiff movements, this is because of the arrangement of the axial orthogonal arrays. Mechanical barriers were tested to see if ejaculation would still continue if the female’s vagina did not mirror penis shape, ejaculation is still possible if the penis is not fully inverted. The penis has a rough texture that contributes to the spiral shaped (Patricia L. R. Brennan 2009). The penis shape, size and inversion are all adaptions resulting from competition between the males, female’s will pick the bird with the biggest, stiffest penis to pass the best genes on to her offspring, this is called natural selection and is an evolution pressure that has promoted sperm competition. Natural selection is a naturalistic process where certain phenotypes are selected for to make it easier for the species to adjust to the environment and excel in reproductive and environmental situations (Biology online 2001). Natural selection has brought the importance of having the biggest penis in male Waterfowls. For a male to get the sperm closest to the females eggs, he will need to have a bigger and stiffer penis than the other males. It is natural for a male to want his genes to be passed on to the offspring, where the young will inherit his gene’s. Choosing a male with better penis and sperm adaptions could ensure higher survival or reproduction success. If the male’s have superior features or adaptions that will benefit survival for a species they will be chosen for mate selection by the females (Evolution and natural selection 2010). A bigger penis is an evolutionary adaption that will help a male to reproduce and therefore is a trait selected for in natural selection. The Damselfly, Enallagma Hageni is an example of sperm competition. One male fertilizes ninety five percent of the eggs that are first laid. Multiple mating partners create the other five percent. If the female does not deposit her eggs after copulation another male is still able to fertilize her eggs. He does this by inserting his penis and removing the sperm that is stored in the females storage organs. Copulation then begins and he replaces the sperm with his own. This can happen up to four times before the female deposits the eggs. This creates competition within males to deposit their sperm in each female. Forced copulation is not possible because the female has to contract her abdomen for the male’s penis to be fully inserted inside her. The female benefits from this relationship with the male because he will watch over her and protect her as she oviposits her eggs under water, where she is more exposed to pray. The female will be encouraged to mate with other males in order to find a better ovipositing site among the pond (Ola M. Fincke, 1983).

The Merchant of Venice Analysis of Portia Essay Essay Example

The Merchant of Venice: Analysis of Portia Essay Paper â€Å"Oh. me. the word ‘choose’ ! I may neither take who I would nor decline who I dislike ; so is the will of a life girl curbed by the will of a dead male parent. Is it non hard. Nerissa. that I can non take one nor decline none? ( Act 1 Scene 2 lines 22~25 ) â€Å"In footings of pick I am non entirely led by nice way of a maiden’s eyes. Besides. the lott’ry of my fate bars me the right of voluntary choosing. But if my male parent had non scanted me. and hedged me by his humor to give myself his married woman who wins me by that means I told you. yourself. renowned Prince. so stood every bit just as any comer I have looked on yet for my affection† ( Act 2 Scene 1 lines 13~24 ) We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice: Analysis of Portia Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice: Analysis of Portia Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice: Analysis of Portia Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer – Although Portia wants to take the adult male she loves to get married. she can non make so. for her male parent – Cato – had left a will that tells Portia to get married a adult male that can work out the ‘casket’ game. It is fundamentally where Portia’s suers have to take one coffin that contains Portia’s portrayal amongst the three coffins – one made out of gold. the other two made out of Ag and lead. In act 1 scene 2. Portia expresses understanding for herself. and how she thinks it is a barbarous way for her to follow. non being able to get married the adult male she wishes to pass her life with. Quoting ‘†¦will of a dead male parent. ’ we can state that Portia’s male parent is non alive any longer. Therefore. Portia could. at any clip of her favour. interrupt her father’s will and do her ain determination – there were non a individual obstruction in the manner. However. as shown in the brush with Morocco in act 2 scene 1. Portia follows her father’s will with regard. despite the fact that her freedom is limited. These two quotation marks show severally how Portia struggles to take in her father’s will. yet oblige to her respectable father’s will. It has non merely proven the fact that she is loyal to her ain male parent. but hinted that Portia is capable of supplying trueness for people she respects. Observant / Picky â€Å"I pray thee. overname them. and as thou namest them I will depict them ; and harmonizing to my description degree at my fondness. † ( Act 1 Scene 2 lines 35~37 ) – Although Portia doesn’t possess the right. or the willingness to ‘pick’ her suer for hubby. she still seems to detect her suers really carefully. and remember many inside informations of them. The quotation mark stated above amounts up how she is confident on detecting. and judging people based on her careful observation. Further on in the scene. Nerissa. as Portia requested. calls out some of the names of the suers – Neapolitan prince. the County Palatine. and the Gallic Godhead Monsieur Le Bon for case. Portia analyzes each individual based on her first feeling and the after feeling she gets through conversation. The inside informations Portia provided made me make the decision that she is really observant and careful. even finical clip to clip. Caring â€Å"What. no more? Pay him six 1000. and disfigure the bond. Double six 1000 and so soprano that. before a friend of this description shall lose a hair through Bassanio’s mistake. First go with me to church and name me married woman. and so off to Venice to your friend! For neer shall you lie by Portia’s side with an unquiet psyche. You shall hold gold to pay the junior-grade debt 20 times over ; when it is paid. convey your true friend along. † ( Act 3 Scene 2 lines 298~308 ) – This is when Bassanio and Portia confirm each other’s love. and promise matrimony. After corroborating each other’s religion. Bassanio tells Portia about his best friend. Antonio. and that he is in serious problem – problem that is even related to him. Specifically. he mentions that Antonio is in debt of money from a Jew moneyloaner. and that Antonio is exposed to punishment that might be his life. To Bassanio’s comment. Portia expresses deep concern and concern. and straight puts out a solution that she will back up financially even over the extend of the debt. Quoting ‘before a friend of this description shall lose a hair through Bassanio’s mistake. ’ it can be said that Portia is really caring towards Bassanio and his comrades. and that she wants to be helpful to people she loves. Clever â€Å"Tarry a small ; there is something else. This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood ; the words expressly are ‘a lb of flesh. ’ Taken so thy bond. take 1000 thy lb of flesh ; but in the cutting it. if thou dost shed one bead of Christian blood. thy lands and goods are by Torahs of Venice confiscate unto the province of Venice† ( Act 4 Scene 1 lines 304~311 ) – With the little vellication with her lingua. Portia manages to salvage Antonio’s life. Not the reference the fact that Portia didn’t panic when Shylock was about to delve the knife into Antonio’s bosom. but she expressed her professional cognition in Venetian jurisprudence. and used it against Shylock’s action to barricade him out. This quotation mark was non merely important for the interest of salvaging Antonio’s life. but besides hinted at how educated and cagey Portia is. If it weren’t for Portia’s intelligence and velocity of believing the logic to counter Shylock’s logic. Antonio wouldn’t have been alive. Thorough â€Å"If you had known the virtuousness of the ring. or half her worthiness that gave the ring. or your ain award to incorporate the ring. you would non so hold parted with the ring. What adult male is at that place so much unreasonable. if you had pleased to hold defended it with any footings of ardor. wanted the modestness to press the thing held as a ceremonial? Nerissa teaches me what to believe: I’ll die for’t but some adult female had the ring. † ( Act 5 Scene 1 lines 199~ 208 ) – Portia states the quotation mark above when she tells Bassanio about how defeated she is. for Bassanio had broken the promise of non separating with the ring that Portia gave him for the first clip. Of class. Portia is the 1 who set this secret fast one up against her hubby to prove his trustworthy. but the words she says are adequate to agitate Bassanio. This doesn’t needfully mean that Portia is being barbarous. but she is thorough ; thorough that she has to do the relationship between her and her hubby crystal clear. utilizing any method it takes. Character Motivations and Aims: If we have a expression at Portia from the position of the whole narrative. she possesses two major aims she wishes to carry through: the first aim is to happen a suer who manages to take the right coffin. and get married the worthy gentleman ; the other aim is to assist her beloved hubby salvage his best friend Antonio from decease. When Portia foremost makes visual aspect in the drama. she merely gives off intimations that indicate to her being determined to happen herself a worthy suer. nil else. It is given in the drama that her male parent is dead. and that he had left a will for Portia on her matrimony – will that prevents Portia from get marrieding whoever she wants. but to set suers to a conundrum to screen out the worthiest. Having no other adverting about her household except for her dead male parent. a fact that she does non hold a good household at a immature age. and that she does desire to acquire married to set up a healthy household can be derived. Besides. citing â€Å"O me. the word ‘choose’ ! I may neither take who I would nor decline who I dislike. so is the will of a life girl curbed by the will of a dead father† ( Act 1 Scene 2 lines 22~25 ) . Portia is even fighting to do her manner to happen herself a worthy suer. Hence. the factors of Portia desiring a nice hous ehold. and the ‘riddle’ her male parent had left for Portia keeps Portia motivated to make her aim. which happening a worthy gentleman and set up a healthy household. When Portia meets Bassanio and Bassanio turns out to be the worthy suer. Portia’s nonsubjective becomes fulfilled ; she marries her ‘true love’ and now has a household that she desired. However. she runs into another job. which shortly becomes her nonsubjective – salvage Antonio’s life. At the clip. Antonio and Portia have non met yet. However. Portia feels obliged to salvage the hapless friend of her hubby from losing his life from Bassanio’s mistake. Quote â€Å"†I neer did repent for making good. nor shall non now ; for in comrades that do converse and blow the clip together. whose psyches do bear an egal yoke of love. there must be needs a similar proportion of qualities. of manners. and of spirit ; which makes me believe that this Antonio. being the bosom lover of my Godhead. must inevitably be like my Godhead. If it be so. how small is the cost I have bestowed in buying the gloss of my psyche from out the province of beastly cruelty† ( Act 3 Scene 4 lines 10~21 ) depict how her attention for her hubby had extended to caring of Bassanio’s best friend. therefore actuating Portia to acquire herself involved in protecting Antonio’s life. Along the same line. Portia shows marks that there is. in fact. another motive that Portia is affected when she decides to assist Antonio. â€Å"What. no more? Pay him six 1000. and disfigure the bond. Double six 1000 and so soprano that. before a friend of this description shall lose a hair through Bassanio’s mistake. † ( Act 3 Scene 2 lines 298~302 ) Portia brings up the fact that the ground why Antonio’s life is at hazard is partly because of Bassanio’s mistake. Portia sees through that if Antonio dies from Bassanio’s mistake. her hubby would non merely heartache at the fact that he lost his best friend. but besides at the fact that Antonio’s decease was his mistake. Portia loves Bassanio. hence Bassanio’s felicity straight relates to Portia’s felicity. Therefore. Portia makes attempt to maintain Bassanio’s societal life stable. so that the benefit of Bassanio’s societal stableness would finally enrich their love life. Portia acts really wise. and by and large Acts of the Apostless based upon motives that would profit her life – although in procedure. she ends up assisting others every bit good. After all Portia goes through within the drama. I think Portia does alter. although it is in a signifier of ‘revealing’ more about herself instead than ‘shifting’ from one point to another. When Portia makes her first stance with the aim of acquiring a legitimate suer. there is a opportunity that her character being viewed as a rich. naive adult female who is despairing for a household. However. once she had reached the end of get marrieding a worthy adult male. she reveals her generousness. wisdom and logic and frequently acts as the ‘problem convergent thinker. ’ Language: One thing that I’d name particular about the manner Portia negotiations would be that she has the inclination to speak exactly and casually. yet put a batch of significances and force into her words. This trait is the most typical when she disguises herself as the physician of Torahs to set Shylock on test. â€Å"Therefore prepare thee to cut off the flesh. Shed thou no blood. nor cut 1000 less nor more but merely a lb of flesh. If thou tak’st more or less than a merely lb. be it but so much as makes it light or heavy in the substance or the division of the 20th portion of one scruple. nay. if the graduated table do turn but in the appraisal of a hair – 1000 diest. and all thy goods are confiscate† ( Act 4 Scene 1 lines 323~331 ) These words are so precise and even intimidating that cuts deep into Shylock’s old and bing logic at the test. Shylock. tripped over his ain logic and point of accent. wholly loses assurance he had at the beginning of the t est refering the ‘law. ’ I personally don’t think Portia negotiations in heavy and uncomfortable manners. nor do I believe Portia lacks profession or formality. She possess the really endowment that allows her to set unbelievable sum of significance and power into the Swift words she uses. Portia neer loses her aristocracy and pride of her character.

What Is a Rational Number Definition and Examples

What Is a Rational Number Definition and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard the term â€Å"rational numbers?† Are you wondering, â€Å"What is a rational number?† If so, you’re in the right place! In this article, we’ll discuss the rational number definition, give rational numbers examples, and offer some tips and tricks for understanding if a number is rational or irrational. What Is A Rational Number? In order to understand what rational numbers are, we first need to cover some basic math definitions: Integers are whole numbers (like 1, 2, 3, and 4) and their negative counterparts (like -1, -2, -3, and -4). Fractions are numbers that are expressed as ratios. A fraction is a part of a whole. Fractions have numerators, which are the numbers on the top of the fraction that show the parts taken from the whole. Fractions also have denominators, which are the numbers on the bottom of the fraction that show how many parts are in the whole. Okay! Now that we know those terms, let’s turn to our original question. What is a rational number? A rational number is a number that can be expressed as a fraction where both the numerator and the denominator in the fraction are integers. The denominator in a rational number cannot be zero. Expressed as an equation, a rational number is a number a/b, b≠ 0 where a and b are both integers. This equation shows that all integers, finite decimals, and repeating decimals are rational numbers. In other words, most numbers are rational numbers. Here’s a hint: if you’re working with a number with a long line of different decimals, then your number is irrational! If you’re working with an integer or a number with terminal or repeating decimals (like 1.333333), then your number is rational! Rational Number Examples Now that we know the rational number definition, let’s use that definition to examine some numbers and see if they’re rational or not. Let’s start with the number 6. The number 6 is an integer. It’s also a rational number. Why? Because 6 can also be expressed as 6/1. When expressed as 6, both the numerator and the denominator are integers. The denominator doesn’t equal 0. What about the number -6? -6 can be written as -6/1. Or 6/-1. Either way, -6 is a rational number, because it can be expressed as a fraction where the numerator and denominator are integers and the denominator doesn’t equal 0. What’s an Irrational Number? The opposite of rational numbers are irrational numbers. In simple terms, irrational numbers are real numbers that can’t be written as a simple fraction like 6/1. Take Ï€. Ï€ is a real number. But it’s also an irrational number, because you can’t write Ï€ as a simple fraction: Ï€ = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795 (and counting) There’s no way to write Ï€ as a simple fraction, so it’s irrational. The same goes for √2. The √2 equals 1.4142135623730950...(etc). You can’t make √2 into a simple fraction, so it’s an irrational number. Famous Irrational Numbers There aren’t any famous rational numbers, because the vast majority of numbers are rational. There are a few famous irrational numbers. Here are some ones you might have seen: e: The number e (Euler's Number) is another famous irrational number. People have also calculated e to lots of decimal places without any pattern showing. The first few digits look like this: 2.7182818284590452353602874713527. Ï€: People have calculated Pi to over a quadrillion decimal places and still there is no pattern. The first few digits look like this: 3.1415926535897932384626433832795 √: Many square roots, cube roots, etc are also irrational numbers. Examples: √3 = 1.7320508075688772935274463415059 (etc) √99 = 9.9498743710661995473447982100121 (etc) Not all square roots are irrational numbers, though! If your square root results in a whole number (like √4 or √9), then you actually are working with a rational number! That’s not the only thing you have to be careful about! Sometimes, multiplying two irrational numbers will result in a rational number. For example, √2 * √2 = 2 2 is a rational number. Main Takeaways Rational numbers are numbers that can be expressed as simple fractions. Irrational numbers are numbers that can’t be expressed as simple fractions. What's Next? Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you learning about logarithms and natural logs in math class?We have a guide on all the natural log rules you need to know. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change.

Charles Bukowski and His Works Essays

Charles Bukowski and His Works Essays Charles Bukowski and His Works Essay Charles Bukowski and His Works Essay Henry Charles Bukowski writing was influenced by the social, cultural, and economic ambience of Los Angeles. He left home after his father read some of his stories and went berserk, destroying his output and throwing his possessions out onto the lawn, a lawn that the young Bukowski had to mow weekly and would be beaten for if the grass wasnt perfectly cut. Bukowski was born in 1920 in Andernach, Germany. He died on March 9, 1994 in San Pedro, California. He was a German American poet, novelist, and story writer. Bukowski wrote thousands of poems, hundreds of short tories and six novels, eventually publishing over sixty books. He had a bad history with hospitals; he had to undergo three treatments for removal of separate skin cancers, treatments for tuberculosis, cataracts, and chemotherapy for leukemia. He married his second wife Linda Lee and she stayed with him till he died and didnt remarry. Bukowskis poem Girlfriends is about how he will not let any of his past lovers enter his life. He refuses to see them when they arrive out of state because it would be too awkward and pointless. know some people who can watch the same movie more than once he compares his past lovers to a movie and says he isnt one of those people who replay movies over and over again. He knows the plot, beginning, and ending, everything. So there was no point in repeating history if he knows he cannot rewrite it. The literary device most often used in this poem is metaphor. Bukowski often compares the women in his pas t to other things. l know some people who can watch the same movie more than once he states that he knows people who et their past lovers in their life again. Not me. Once I know the plot once I know the ending whether its happy or unhappy or Just plain dumb, then for me that movie is finished, forever. Bukowski doesnt want another yesterday coming in his life because that was the past and its a past he very well knows the ending to. Charles Bukowski didnt really have any rhyme scheme in this poem particularly. He writes most of his poems in free verse. This allows the reader to slow down and not to speed up like people usually do in poems that rhyme. When you read his poem it almost makes you want to slow down and read it in a calm voice, to make you think about each and every word he wrote. The metaphors he uses are significant because they convey a certain theme and make it clear as to what he is talking about. The metaphor makes the mood more understandable, because people debate that you should give second chances but he is saying he rather leave the past untouched. Hence the purpose for this line, l refuse to let any of my old movies play over and over again for years. The metaphor makes his tone sound assertive and sure of all the decisions he has made. For example this line lets people know that he is not like others because of the metaphor and his choice for punctuation marks I know some people who can watch the same movie more than once. Not me. I selected this poet out of the thousands even millions of poets there are because I felt like he was the most realist. Bukowski wrote on about what was going on in the world which he lived in like no other. He wrote about portrayal of life in general and Los Angeles in articular, his usually selt-reterential, otten angry poetry and prose typically depicts alcoholics, drug addicts, criminals, prostitutes, and other outcasts. I love the fact that most of the poems I read, he didnt try to rhyme, and he Just tried to tell things as they were. This poem makes me debate if I should side with his opinion or not. He clearly states that the past is the past and it should stay forgotten (relationship wise), which I somewhat agree with. But some people who get second chances and try to ake up for the wrong theyVe done succeed at it. Then again why try again with something you know what is the ending to, wouldnt it be better to love someone who can make you fall in love with every day? It sounds better than messing with another yesterday. I would recommend this poem to teenagers and young adults, even people over the age of 30! I would recommend it to that age group because his writing is mature and not intended for kids. Overall I am glad I was on tumblr and stumbled upon one of Henry Bukowskis poems.

Human Resource Management - Independent Study Essay

Human Resource Management - Independent Study - Essay Example First, they must integrate human resource policies and practices across a number of subsidiaries in different countries so that overall corporate objectives can be achieved. At the same time, the approach to HRM must be sufficiently flexible to allow for significant differences in the type of HR policies and practices that are most effective in different business and cultural settings. This problem of balancing integration (control and coordination from HQ) and differentiation (flexibility in policies and practices at the local subsidiary level) have long been acknowledged as common dilemmas facing HR and other functional managers in global corporations. Although some argue that IHRM is not unlike HRM in a domestic setting, others point out that there are significant differences. Specifically compared with domestic HRM, IHRM (I) encompasses more functions, (2) has more heterogeneous functions, (3) involves constantly changing perspectives, (4) requires more involvement in employees’ personal lives, (5) is influenced by more external sources, and (6) involves a greater level of risk than typical domestic HRM. When compared with domestic human resource management, IHRM requires a much broader perspective on even the most common HR activities. The number and variety of IHRM activities are daunting. International HR managers must deal with issues as varied as international taxation; international relocation and orientation; various other administrative services for expatriates; selecting, training and appraising local and international employees; and managing relations with host governments in a number of countries around the world. Even when dealing with one particular HR function area such as compensation, the international HR manager is faced with a great variety of national and international pay issues. For example, while dealing with pay issues, the HQ-based HR

Optional subject Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Optional subject - Research Proposal Example Because of the broad execution of KM approach in several organizations, I became really interested in knowing about the impact of KM over the business environment on the whole (Rasula, Vuksic and Stembersger, â€Å"The Impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance†). From the previous researches relating to the execution of KM in the business organizations, I have become even more intrigued about learning the impact of this particular approach. Likewise, I acquired a comprehensive knowledge from the previous researches that there lies considerable impact of KM in providing benefits to a particular business organization. The notion of KM is fundamentally described as a procedure which comprises of a broad assortment of effective business strategies as well as practices that helps the modern day organizations to accomplish their expected business objectives and most significantly, to enhance their organizational performances in the long-term scenario. It can be stated in this regard that there lies immense impact of KM over the business operations in the contemporary era, as most of the organizations have employed it with the motive of attaining significant benefits. In this similar context, one of the chief benefits of generating the practice of KM within the business organizations is that the practice imposes a positive impact upon their organizational performances. Moreover, according to previous studies, the practice of KM also affects the organizational results with regard to company innovation and employee along with product improvement (Rasheed, â€Å"The Impact of Knowledge Management on SME’s†). My major interest about formulating the topic is that the phenomenon emphasizes upon the impact of KM which supports the business organizations to attain significant benefits as well as desired business

Implementing Effective Job Delegation in the Units Essay Example for Free

Implementing Effective Job Delegation in the Units Essay As a supervisor on our medical surgical unit, our hospital patient satisfaction scores for the past two years have been going down and there is a great need to improve patient satisfaction scores, particularly in the area of effective job delegation. Research (2011) has shown that a leader who does not delegate might likely feel stressed and overloaded. Although it might seem the best way for work to get done, is to do it yourself, but its not a good long-term solution. Feedback and review remain helpful and important, although the relationship is more likely one of mentoring, rather than coaching. The Question In order to improve patient satisfaction score in hospitals, the first question that health care providers should ask is what can be done to improve the quality of care given to our patients, and the second question is, how can effective job delegation improve our patient satisfaction score in our hospital? Will the creation of a policy on implementation of effective job delegation, encourage collaboration between the nursing staff and personnel to ensure that all personnel are not stressed or overworked? On our medical surgical unit, nurses struggle to deliver all the care their patients need, but are unable, due to stress and overwork. Good delegation saves time, develops people, grooms a successor, and motivates. Poor delegation will cause frustration, discouragement and Confusion, as such the delegated person will fail to carry out the delegated task. Effective job delegation will improve our patient satisfaction scores, even if most nurses would prefer to deliver all the care their patients need, but can’t, due to overwork and stress. The delegated task may be small, but has a large overall impact for all those involved. Nursing is a demanding profession, often nurses feel as though there are not enough hours in the day to complete all tasks, delegation of job will help nurses complete all the jobs allocated, this will help improve patient’s satisfaction scores. In the medical field today there is shortage of nurses, but still nurses are still expected to provide safe and effective care for their patients, by elegating some aspects of care to others this goal can be archived. Evidenced-Based Studies Many studies have been performed on effective job delegation. An article by American Nurses Association: Research and expert opinions suggest that effective job delegation frees up Nurses to do what they have been educated to do and coordinate patient care (ANA, 2020). It explained that delegating jobs help improve collaboration between healthcare workers, by delegating some aspects of care to others. Another article in the ADVANCE web site published by trustworthy researchers, who did the research on: why it is significant for healthcare workers to delegate job: since they decided what patient care intervention is necessary and how, when, and by whom these interventions need to be provided. The article narrated how effective job delegation will improve patient satisfaction scores; though most nurses would prefer to deliver all the care their patients need (Juno, 2010). An advanced research was carried out by nursing expert, who explained, that effective job delegation will improve patient satisfaction scores due to nurses shortage and the need to lower medical cost. The article describes how good job delegation saves time, develops people, grooms a successor, and motivates workers, while Poor job delegations causes frustration and overwork to nurses, making the task of healthcare workers difficult to give safe healthcare to their patients ( Juno, 2010). It explained that delegating jobs help improve collaboration between workers. An international research in South Africa discovered that there is a large disparity in service levels workload, between private and public sectors. The research point out that effective job delegation is necessary for both private and public sectors for jobs to be carried out efficiently (AFN, 2012). The organization Advocate for Nurses carries out a research and found out that the provision of health care in America has been compromised by the loss of trained health workers due to over work and stress, the article explained that when Managers or leaders engage in effective job delegation in the health care organization, Nurses will not leave the profession because of overwork and stress. It explained that poor job delegation lead to pressure and work overload, because most nurses think they can provide all the care their patient need, which is impossible to do, as such leaving one tressed, unhappy, and feeling that youre letting your profession down, the solution to prevent this feeling is effective job delegation (AFN, 2012). They also explained why health care worker have to delegate, because of changes in healthcare delivery, they stressed the fact that task delegation is here to stay at least for the foreseeable future. Job delegation is crucial to cost containment and Job d elegation is important; as such health care professionals should take it as an expected professional nursing activity (AFN, 2012). The Proposal The outcome of creating a policy is something that is realistically obtainable in a professional practice: Access to the hospital policies, meeting with floor managers/unit leaders and Identifying problems in our hospital have shown that our nurses and managers are stressed and overworked. The task of a competent manager is not to do all the work on his or her own, but to smartly deliver within the given parameters of budget and timeline I propose that all managers must make sure that the delegated person understands the importance of the task, the responsibility it brings and the long-term consequences. Once they are clear about the task it becomes easy for the job to be accomplished. Managers should make sure, those who are delegated, feel they are contributing to the success of the organization rather than standing on the periphery, and they must ensure that the job being delegated is handed to the appropriate individual, because if the task is not done, the person who delegated the job as well as the delegated person are responsible for non-performance of the job. Delegation is transferring a competent individual the authority to perform selected tasks in a selected situation. Effect job delegation facilitates success and trust among nurse, who then be able to deliver safe and satisfactory care of patients, as a result improve patient’s satisfaction scores. Conclusion Effective delegation involves achieving the desired results, managing the demanding deadlines, empowering and equipping the team. Ultimately, the responsibility of getting delegated job accomplished remains with the manager. Researchers have shown that leaders who do not delegate feel stressed and overloaded with work. Good delegation saves time, develops people, grooms a successor, and motivates. Poor delegation will cause frustration, discouragement and confusion. Effective job delegation strategies incorporated into health care practice can provide health care workers with more time for professional nursing roles, and enhance job satisfaction in the areas of decision-making and promotional opportunity.

Unity in Bachs Cantata No.78 Essay -- Music Bach Musician Musical Ess

Unity in Bach's Cantata No.78 According to Rowell, "Musical composition became much longer, and composer were forced to evolve new means of maintaining unity and continuity over long time spans" during the Baroque period. Therefore, the texture of music became very important. When I look at the musical texutre of the Cantata No. 78 by J. S. Bach, I realized that this piece was unified very well within a movement and as a whole piece by many techniques. Some of those techniques were found in the text, and the others were in the music. First of all, the text is well organized in terms of its unity. The piece has seven movements. According to Fuller, "The first and last movements adopt the text of an established mid-seventeenth-century chorale by Johann Rist. The middle movements have new text by an unknown poet who occasionally quotes or paraphrases middle stanzas of the chorale." Moreover, this unknown pot himself repeates some words in the text. Also, those repeated words are often supported by music to emphasize the unity as a whole piece. For example, the word "Ewigkeit (eternity)" is originally in the seventh movement, and it is also sung in the sixth movement. The one in the seventh movement is at the very end of the piece with a fermate on the top of half note (p. 543, m. 16). So the note can be extended as much as it needs to express the word, "eternity." The one in the sixth movement is also a long note (p. 540-541, m. 37-38, 49-51). The word is associated with a whole note, half note and 1/8 note tied into 61/2 beats to express its meaning. Those two sections of the piece with the word, "Ewigkeit," and similar music expression would make a strong connection between the two movement. Other examples which are s... ...se upon the music structure of the last movement. The Cantata No. 78 is a very long piece of music, so the poet and the composer needed to come up with techniques to maintain its unity. For example, there are several repeated words to connect some movements together, repeated ending syllables to provide regularity in the whole piece, variation over the common bass line, and common musical development in the first and the last movement to round up as a whole piece. I believe that the fact of bringing the very basic music structure at the last movement and putting the most developed one in the first movement has very strong impact of unity. Since the music starts from much more developed and broader sense, and it has a direction towards more basic but focused and concentrated sense, it would develop the feeling of returning to home or rounding up to a whole piece.

Compare Historical and Current Features of Public Health Essay

This essay will compare the 19th, 20th and 21st century in relation to the main public health strategies used in United Kingdom. It will also compare the similarities and differences of the living conditions in towns and cities between the three named centuries above. In comparing the differences between 19th, 20th and 21st century, the living conditions in the 19th century caused so many deaths. This is because health was very poor and people went through many health issues such as poor and over-crowded housing which caused the rapid spread of diseases, pollution and poor environment as people were ignorant to the causes and consequences of the pollution and poor sewage system which brought about terrible smell that was unbearable for living. Additionally, the poor law system in the 19th century, this strategy was set to take care of the under privileged mentioned above, such as the lower class people. Moreover in the 19th century, there was an episode of cholera outbreak which claimed so many lives. The cholera episode that was killing people became an interest to Dr John Snow (1813-1858). He did various investigations and he eventually found pointed out in his investigation a particular water supply that was coming from the contaminated River Thames was the cause of the cholera outbreak. In Beveridge’s report in the 20th century, it helped to bring a change to the educational standards in the areas that were highly affected by poverty. The Beveridge report stated that all working people must pay weekly contributions, those contributions were used as benefits by the government to pay people who were sick, unemployed, retired and widowed. The benefits helped the under privileged to meet some of their basic needs which were impossible for them in the 19th century. The National Health Service came into effectiveness by Clement Attlee’s, who was one of the members of the Labour Government due to the outcome of Snow’s report. With the 21st century, the public health was drastically changed compared to the 19th and 20th century. This was because the public health white paper, choosing health: making healthy choices easier, (2004) was introduced as the awareness of health was growing in size which forced the government to bring bout the public health white paper. This document promoted societal fairness, dealing with broad causes of ill-health, inequality in the society as well as identifying individuals needs to support and empower them. In the 21th century, people are more informed; technology and science have improved, making better medical system more efficient and effective with more improved living conditions, compared to the two previous centuries. The similarities between the 19th, 20th and 21st Century was that famous personalities mentioned above aimed at improving the health of the populace over time. They all carried out numerous investigations and research to bring about positive results. In the 21st, there was the Health Protection Agency, an independent organisation that focuses on protecting individuals’ health throughout the UK. There is also the National Institute for Clinical Excellency also an independent organisation; their responsibility is to provide national guidance and treatment of ill-health which has improved the living standard, condition and a huge improvement of health in the wider UK population. Conclusion Before public health came into effect living condition was very poor causing premature death. There was also inequality; the wealthy could afford to live in better areas, good education and to pay for good medical treatment. The under privileged were left with no choice but to live one day at a time. In the 20th and 21st century, there were so many strategies used to improve health and inequality in Britain. However in the 21th century, there were more strategies implemented to improve public health which were set out in a document and had three foundation values. All these was put together to improve, protect and empower the lives of individuals in the UK population.

Advertising Campaign Case Study New BMW Series Essay

1.0 Description of campaign-â€Å"DESIGNED FOR DRIVING PLEASURE†Ã‚  BMW is the German manufacturer Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (as known as Bavarian Motor Works) which is one amongst the luxurious and advanced brand in motor vehicle industry, such as Mercedes-Benz and Audi. Its product is not only automotive vehicle, also refer to motorcycle and Formula One. However, BMW automotive is more well known than others. â€Å"Designed for driving pleasure†is BMW launched a new international campaign focused on design in Germany. The integrated global campaign highlights the dynamism of BMW design and features a TV commercial that portrays the BMW concept 4 Series Coupe in a highly dynamic way, using a surprising visual effect that is revealed at the end of the spot. Design and dynamics are also the focus of the print campaign. Ropes are used in the image to create the motion blur effect normally seen in real driving shots. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay Unlike previous global campaigns of BMW, this new Designed for Driving Pleasure features the all new 4 Series Concept, instead of a production models. The advertisement campaign also features a download app called AD Essence specially for IPad and Android phones. The design and presentation of this new app is thanks to Architectural Digest magazine along with BMW Group Design while the campaign will be aired on company web-side â€Å"www. Bmw.de† from today. This is a global campaign which will have a worldwide reach in the first quarter of 2013 drawing special attention to BMW Concept 4 Series Coupe. At the same time, the campaign brings to the fore all what BMW stands for, be it dynamics of design, sheer driving pleasure, enhanced performance, and vehicles with a marked degree of sportiness and elegance. The print campaign showcased the BMW Concept 4 Series Coupe and the new BMW Z4 which is expected to be launched across Germany from March 16,2013. (Sagar Patel, 2013) 2.0 Market group-â€Å"Up-market† The main market group to whom the advertisement campaign from BMW-â€Å"Designed for driving pleasure† could be identified by demographic assessing variable aspects from consumers’ age, gender or income. Demographic analysis is used in two ways-as market segment descriptors and in trend analysis. To create descriptors of market segments, marketers match demographic and psychographic profiles of a segment with its consumer behavior. The demographic variables that correlate sufficiently with specific consumer behavior are then used to describe that segment. In this sense, demographics are used as a proxy for how consumers will behave, based on characteristics such as age, income level and ethnicity. When marketers do not have primary research, demographics information can be used to guide new development, product repositioning, brand extension, distribution strategies or media and creative appeals in communications programs. (Blackwell, 2000) The 4 Series advertisement from BMW is not only found to concentrate on a particular psychographic market, and it’s about promote a new car that stands for dynamic performance, sportiness and elegance. The target of BMW 4 Series is not only for achievers but also for strivers and other else who have ability to buy it. So, rather than psychographic, the BMW 4 Series campaign can be said to rely more on social-demographics. According to the demographics segmentation theory, the up-market, often referred to as â€Å"super-affluent†, represents the top quintile (20 percent) of consumers in terms of income. These holds often consist of two income-earners who place high value on time, because time is scarcer than money for them. They usually value extra services-such as offers of semi-prepared food, organic food at higher prices in some supermarkets or the shopping nights offered by David Jones or similar stores for exclusive attendance of their store cardholders that some retailers provide to capture new customers. (Blackwell, 2000) In the demographics theory up-market is the customers who prefer a good quality product or service even though it would spend more money such as BWM. BWM is one amongst the leading brands in vehicle industry as we known. And Compare to other car companies like Toyota, Holden, BMW is not cheaper than them, but it would has a better quality or service and the customers also have a different sense. For 4 series: Acceleration, breaking, taking fast corners-pure driving pleasure. BMW products promise sheer diving pleasure that clear lines and distinctively sculpted surfaces express this dynamism and motion even when the car is standing still. What is said above, the product which BMW campaign promoted, it is almost focus on the target of up-market. 3.0 Problem recognition When considering making a consumer decision, problem/need recognition is the first step. It is easy and helpful for marketers to identify the reasons for customers to buy their products, as the analysis of the problem recognition and buyer behaviors. The campaign of BMW is to make a ‘4 Series Coupe has its own character within the BMW family and combines all that BMW stands for: dynamic performance, sportiness and elegance.’(Horatiu Boeriu, 2013) Obviously, the problems that the advertisement seeks to address are providing a product which is practical and also elegant. BMW is a band which meets the needs of high quality car and showing the status of customers. When people driving a BMW across the road, the strangers on the road side may attractive by the design of the car, as BMW emphasizes making a good fist impression (John Brink, 2013). On the other hand, it is important for drivers to think about is the performance of the car (John Brink, 2013). BMW offers comfortable conditions of driving experience as well as passengers feeling. Customers may require a ‘smooth, balance, and capable’ journey when driving a car, regardless of straight motorways or narrow, and winding country lanes (John Brink, 2013). In addition, safety of the car is also an important element for consumers to consider. There is no end for BMW to quest the next innovation about safety (BMW, 2013). When having a fascinating appearance, safety can be a difficult and important part for BMW to do research and development. In general, the nature of the decision made by BMW of this 4 Series Coupe is to meet the needs of both attractive surface and car performance and safety. However, the potential risk of the 4 Series Coupe is that it is a high class of consumption. According to the research, the New BMW 4 series will sale at the end of 2013, which costs an expected price of  £28,000 (Luke madden, 2013). It is more expensive than 3 Series, and competitively with A5. That is to say, BMW 4 Series Coupe is a premium luxury item which is priced higher than any other car of its competitors. As a result, this risk leads to lose some of the customers who cannot afford it. 4.0 Theory and application BMW aims for a simple design and classic that attracts from every angle and that will age well. The core values of BMW brand is providing quality, technology, performance and exclusivity. For BMW, performance is the most concerned rather than speed (BMW Blog). Nowadays, BMW is launching an international campaign – Design for driving pleasure to introduce the concept 4 Series Coupà ©. â€Å"The BMW Concept 4 Series Coupà © has its own character within the BMW family and combines all that BMW stands for: sportiness, dynamic performance and elegance†, said by Karim Hbib, head of BMW Design (BMW blog). Like Mercedes-Benz, BMW stands for luxury and successful. Consumer motivation refers to the drive to satisfy both psychological and physiological needs through product consumption and purchase (Blackwell, D’Souze, Taghian, Miniard, Engel. 2007). Physiological needs are the most basic needs, including more than food and drink. Sometimes people may not feel hungry but they still want to eat something, this physiological need of consumption is the need for pleasure. For BMW crazy fans and collectors, the BMW Concept 4 Series Coupà © is newly introduced into market place. Those who have financial abilities may have the eager to purchase the fresh ground car even though they don’t lack of car. Furthermore, the 4 Series Coupà © is more focus on sportiness, this factor may attract more successful businessmen’s attention. They could drive 5 or 7 series BMW during business time, while they could drive 4 Series Coupà © during leisure time. As we could see, the 4 Series Coupà © has streamlined design, which adds more fashion elements to 4 Series Coupà ©, this factors may attract more young people and females, especially in fashion industry. Most people want to give a good impression to public and be perceived as complying with various social norms in order to gain social esteem and approval (Olof, 2006). We all want our family to be proud: some even want to be seen and recognized as successful and rich; others want to be viewed as attractive. This is called social image needs – the need to project a certain image of ourselves to our social environment (Blackwell†¦et. al. 2007). BMW represents successful. The new 4 Series Coupà © reflects not only young and fashion factors but also successful. According to Ozaki and Sevastyanova’s report, the relationship between the possibilities produced by technological innovations and actual sustainable outcomes is heavily mediated by consumers’attitudes towards those innovations. The 4 Series Coupà © brings the fashion, sportiness and luxury image of BMW to public, which drives new market consumption. Customer engagement refers to the engagement of customers with one another, with a company or a brand (Vaughn. 2012). BMW has already creates its company and brand loyalty during the past years. The new 4 Series Coupà © once is launched, BMW customers who are engaged with BMW would pay attention. 5.0 Strategy assessment and conclusion BMW is involved a high-involved buyer behavior, as it has a complex thinking and research process during buying a car. It is not like purchasing milk, customers have to compare and do more research about the products. This campaign uses marketing communication to increase the product awareness, including print, TV, social media and out of home advertising (Sagar Patel, 2013). The advertising is trying to use the vehicle’s design with the special visual effect as the product feature (Sagar Patel, 2013). Compare to the global campaign of BMW before, instead of presenting statistics of the models and the functions, this campaign use an image and an app called AD Essene, as the design of the product is the most important purchase reason (Horatiu Boeriu, 2013). The purpose of these promotions is to attract the target market customers and making them interested in this product. On the other hand, the dynamic moving car on the TV advertising which looks elegant and balance also make people feel the 4 Series Coupe is a good choice. Obviously, the 4 Series Coupe is target customers who are achievers, as it is a high class of consumption. The ads can be found not only on the TV, Internet, Magazines, but also on the out of the door globally, in other words, people can easily find the ads all over the world. As a result, the products can look attractive to everyone, especially for the high class people who are affordable to buy this product. In addition, this advertisement may target people who are fashionable, as the new design of the fascinating appearance. To fit within the whole campaign, the advertisement should make motivation for customers to buy this car. Currently, it is popular for a family to own a car, especially for the rich family, they can have more than one can in their home. That is to say, people who can afford BMW may consider about purchase more cars for their family. The advertisement can be posted and exposure frequently on the CBD office Building, the famous commercial magazines, as well as commercial and financial websites, so that potential customers can get the product information easily and simply.

American Identity The Spectrum of Skin Colors Professor Ramos Blog

American Identity The Spectrum of Skin Colors https://www.thoughtco.com/writers-of-the-harlem-renaissance-45326 Music, dance, literature, racial pride, painting and more various cultural and artistic expression began to overflow the in the 1920’s, this period known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is immensely known for the African American community utilizing artistic and literary expression to establish a platform to advocate against the racial injustice (Standish 40s of themes constantly found in the writings released during this time period are â€Å"hope and oppression, the urban atmosphere, as well as racial pride and solidarity, and social and economic self-sufficiency† (Harden 11). Two authors who were greatly influenced and influencers during the Harlem Renaissance were Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston illustrate American identity physically, patiently, and pridefully in their writings â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me†. Langston Hughes was an African American poet, playwright and activist (Standish 46). Born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri and died in 1967 (Bailey). Although his father denied sending Hughes to school, Hughes graduated in 1929 from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania (Bailey). To this time today, Langston Hughes’s work is said by many to embody the â€Å"Harlem Renaissance’s themes of historical pain, racial pride, and artistic renewal† (Standish 46). Hughes was even considered an â€Å"unapologetic voice of black America† speaking for Harlem (Standish 41). In his poetry, Hughes mimic â€Å"the rhythms of jazz and blues music† (Bailey). At some point in Harlem, New York Langston Hughes collaborates in writing a play called â€Å"Mule Bone† with his new apprentice, Zora Neale Hurston (Russell 130). Zora Neale Hurston is one of the most influential American writers. Hurston was born in Notasugla, Alabama on January 7,1891 and died January 28,1960 (Jones 18). In 1929, she graduated from Barnard College in 1929 and was awarded fellowship by Columbia University after conducting two years of graduate work in anthropology (Jones 20). Hurston wrote novels, short stories, essays and more. In the majority of her writings, Hurston wrote about the â€Å"interior lives of southern blacks and whites, their gender relations, honor codes, and self-reliance† (Patterson 599). Hurston’s was also an anthropologist which gave her further insight in African American culture to create the fundamental writings of the Harlem Renaissance (Russell 130-131). Her writing is said to reveal her â€Å"quirky and fearless personality† but was looked down upon by others (Russell 126). Both authors illustrate in their writings American identity has no relation to the color of a person’s skin. In Langston Hughes’s poem â€Å"I, Too†, he declares â€Å"I, too, sing America/ I am the darker brother† (Hughes lines 1-2). By saying he also â€Å"[sings] America† Hughes is explaining he also identifies as American. Hughes the brings up the color of his skin, while it is darker, is just another way an American person comes to look. He what he calls himself â€Å"the darker brother† also indicating that they are part of the same family, the American family. While Hughes uses the analogy of family Zora Neale Hurston utilizes a metaphor to get the same message across. In Hurston’s short story â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me† she explains, â€Å"I feel like a brown bag of miscellany propped against a wall. Against a wall in company with other bags, white, red, and yellow. Pour out the contents and there is discovered a jumble of small things priceless and worthless† (Hurston 943). Hurston is describing that while the outside of a person is different in color, their insides are made up of the same material. Both authors are arguing the physical attributions that cause stir when it comes to American Identity. They believe they are just as American as the lighter skinned Americans. When the authors are met with the racist attitudes from others, their responses are something that one would not believe. To clarify, Hughes and Hurston make it apparent in their writings that they do not mope or retaliate when others try to invalidate them of being American due to the color of their skin. In his poem Langston Hughes presents the example, â€Å"They send me to eat in the kitchen / When company comes, / But I laugh, / And eat well, / And grow strong† (lines 3-7). Being sent away from the table makes a person feel isolated and terrible but Hughes describes he does not take it to heart. Hughes rather than shed tears for being sent to solitude he grows from the abuse and will come back stronger. Zora Neale Hurston also displays no hurt when others attempt to discriminate her expressing, â€Å"No, I do not weep at the world – I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife† (Hurston 941). Hurston straight out states she does not cry to others for their pity but instead remains â€Å"sharpening [her] oyster knife†. Stating this Hurston means she is also preparing for her comeback. The authors state these cases to demonstrate that while they are not fighting back, but they are getting ready for when the right time comes, their time, whatever and whenever that may be. Through this the authors exhibit the composure and civility of American identity. Hughes and Hurston even go as far as to being a little vain when it comes to the rejection they face. In their writings, the authors explain it is wrong for others not be around them or treat them so unfairly because they believe they are not American due to the color of their skin but each author allows the slander to bounce off. Langston Hughes goes on to assure readers, â€Å"Besides / They’ll see how beautiful I am / And be ashamed – / I, too, am American† (Hughes lines 15-18). Hughes explains that those who have done him wrong, segregating him because of the color of his skin, will feel remorseful for what they have done. He goes as far as to call himself â€Å"beautiful† showing he feels no embarrassment for the color of his skin, he still is American. Hurston is also onboard exhibiting the same self-admiration in times of others disapproval. Zora Neale Hurston confidently expresses, â€Å"It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company?† (Hurston 943). Hurston also feels that because the Americans of lighter sk in do not want to accompany her in any kind of way, they are the ones that miss out on enjoying her persona. Both authors show that although the American Identity, in that time period, has negative connotations of those with darker skin they themselves keep living their own lives allowing the others to deal with their negative mindsets because they know they are American. Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston wrote â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me† in a more positive perspective in order to show that while at first, they are not thought as part of the American identity, they truly are. Although these pieces of writing are written during the time period of the Harlem Renaissance that does not make them irrelevant today. The harmful terms and actions that these authors faced in their time do not compare to what a person of dark skin has to deal with today but there is still racism that affects people, of all skin colors, toady. This positive attitude that the authors demonstrate in their writings is a lesson to be taken, society continues to make a change for the better just as American Identity has changed over time with an infinite spectrum of skin colors. Work Cited Bailey, Ellen. â€Å"Langston Hughes.†Langston Hughes (9781429806367), Aug. 2017, pp. 1–2.EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=lkhAN=19327994site=ehost-live. Harden, Renata, et al. â€Å"Reading the Harlem Renaissance into Public Policy: Lessons from thePast to the Present.†Afro-Americans in New York Life History, vol. 36, no. 2, July2012, pp. 7–36.EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=79324785site=ehost-live. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"I, Too.†The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Vol. 2: 1865 to thePresent, by Nina Baym and Robert S. Levine, W.W. Norton Company, 2013, pp.1039–1040. Hurston, Zora Neale. â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me.†The Norton Anthology of AmericanLiterature, Vol. 2: 1865 to the Present, by Nina Baym and Robert S. Levine, W.W.Norton Company, 2013, pp. 940–943. Jones, Sharon L.Zora Neale Hurston. Salem Press, 2013.EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=nlebkAN=520341site=ehost-live. Patterson, Tiffany Ruby. â€Å"Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit.†Journal of AmericanHistory, vol. 96, no. 2, Sept. 2009, pp. 599–600.EBSCOhost,doi:10.1093/jahist/96.2.599.Journal of AmericanHistory, vol. 96, no. 2, Sept. 2009, pp. 599–600.EBSCOhost,doi:10.1093/jahist/96.2.599. Russell, Mary Catherine. â€Å"Zora Neale Hurston: Scientist, Folklorist, Storyteller.†Pursuit: TheJournal of Undergraduate Research at the University of Tennessee, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan.2017, pp. 125–137.EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=123884543site=ehost-live. Standish, Noah. â€Å"Pain, Pride, Renewal: How Langston Hughes Embodied the HarlemRenaissance.†LOGOS: A Journal of Undergraduate Research, vol. 11, Fall 2018, pp.40–50.EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=133022504site=ehost-live.

Four Tips For Successful Web Writing

Four Tips For Successful Web Writing Four Tips For Successful Web Writing Four Tips For Successful Web Writing By Sharon If you want people to read your web content, you have to make it appeal to them. Heres how to do it. First, pick a great title or a good one. A good title is one that tells the reader what your article or post is about. You can use humor or you can play it straight, as long as you inform the reader. Titles with number in them tend to do well. A good title, like a good article, answers the whats in it for me question for readers. Next, talk to your readers as if theyre sitting in the same room. Use the word you liberally, as you were if you were talking to someone. Good web writing is like having a conversation with the person who is reading it. Your writing voice will be a bit like your speaking voice let your personality show. Write short, clear sentences. Make it easy for people to understand what youre talking about. The web audience is international, and not everyone speaks English as a first language. So when you write, avoid jargon and obscure language and provide examples to illustrate your points. Summarize. Use bulleted lists to help people understand the essentials of your topic. Its the old rule: tell them, then tell them what youve told them. Heres a recap. Four ways to write a good web article are to: Pick a good title. Address your readers directly. Keep sentences short and clear. Provide a summary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Among vs. AmongstWhile vs. Whilst

Did Horse_ebooks Show Us that SPAM is the Web's Native Artform Essay

Did Horse_ebooks Show Us that SPAM is the Web's Native Artform - Essay Example Based on the arguments and facts presented by the video, I agree that spam is the native form of art for the internet. Spam remains a native form of art for internet users because they always seem to surrender to banner ads. The lengthy period spam has been on the internet would cause one to argue that users are used to and aware of spam by just looking at it. However, despite this knowledge, internet users seem unable to resist clicking on spam posing as banner ads. As a result, online and blog marketers continue using spam as an advertising tool because of its effectiveness and seemingly captivating nature (PBS Idea Channel 2014). At the same time, there are millions of new internet users daily. Arguably, these users are obviously unaware of spam and its potential effect on private accounts. Eventually, new users will further this native form of art because of their unawareness and marketers will continue using it so long as it is effective. Operating as a spambot, Horse_ebooks is an excellent example of the reaches AI (artificial intelligence) can reach when applied as a marketing tool. According to Rugnetta, Horse_ebooks was an â€Å"algorithmic assembled poetry,† which acted as the essence of the bot (PBS Idea Channel 2014). This definition explains why Horse_ebooks’ admirers and twitter followers found its posts intriguing and even poignant. Knowing that a machine operated the account compelled people to expect posts about ad links, meaningless statements, and often irritating news or products and services. However, Horse_ebooks’ posts were a depiction of advanced AI’s ability to communicate and interact in an almost human way. This ability was the source of people’s connection with the bot, as well as the operator’s initial intent of using it as a marketing tool. Like any other type of community, the internet aggressively searches for its native forms of art and spam is the best example and â€Å"candidate† (PBS

British Pop Art versus Nouveau Realisme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British Pop Art versus Nouveau Realisme - Essay Example Pop Art emerged in 1950’s Britain and quickly took root in America and other parts of the world as well. The style formed in response to abstract; the latter being considered an overdone, muddled interpretation of reality by many artists who desired to create art that could be more easily appreciated by the masses. The fact was that with abstract art, audiences and different artists like Allan Jones felt that the works being produced were supportive of elitism. Small, trendy art audiences would attend gallery openings, discuss the paintings and in most cases were encouraged to think of themselves as a privileged bunch who were able to see through the ambiguous artwork to the ‘true meaning’. To take down this elitist mentality that was rampant in the world of art, Pop Artists decided to show their own interpretations of the world in a clear, concise manner that could be appreciated by the average person on the street. The object of Pop Art was to do just as its na me suggested: to take images, techniques and styles from popular culture and use them in the creation of new works of art. Artists admitted for the first time that they were actually targeting a larger audience than was usual, and in doing so hoped to bring an appreciation of their work to the masses instead of to a small elite group. If direct reference was made to popular culture and imagery in the art itself, then people who usually were not interested in artistic interpretation would find themselves drawn into the work. By using popular culture as the basis for the artwork, artists felt that they had a better chance of getting into the minds of the common people and encouraging them to think about their world and the messages that might be behind the art. A major factor of British Pop Art was its tendency to emphasize those aspects of the British culture that were considered mundane or banal (Chilvers 305). Artists who used different styles thought that the artwork portrayed a mindlessness inherent in British society; others thought it showed nothing more than a breakdown of art itself from an intellectual philosophical form of expression to the expression of common ignorance. Perhaps inadvertently, Pop Artists were renewing the old ties of realism to the art world after the abstract phase and because of this many other artists have been inspired to create art using unorthodox methods and imagery. Whatever the actual effect of Pop Art on its audience, the fact remains that its creators were seeking a way out of what they viewed as an

The mystery of the Most Holy Trinity is the central mystery of Essay

The mystery of the Most Holy Trinity is the central mystery of Christian faith and life. It is the mystery of God in himself. It is therefore the source of al - Essay Example The Trinity denotes the unity of the Godhead as one Being but having three Persons – God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. The doctrine of the Trinity apart from being the central doctrine of the Catholic Church, also holds an important place in the history of the Christian Church as a whole. In the Council of Nicaea (325 AD) the matter of the Trinity was reaffirmed by the Church as the fundamental doctrine of the Christian faith, hence rejecting the teachings of Arianism that held that since Jesus was begotten of the Father, He is not of equal status in divinity but was a created being. Arianism also held that since Jesus was created, He was not co-eternal with the Father. The Athanasian creed that proceeded from the decision of the Council of Nicaea affirmed the doctrine of the Trinity. It succinctly states in its relevant part thus: â€Å"And the Catholic Faith is this, that we worship one God in Trinity and Trinity in Unity. Neither confounding the Persons, nor dividing the Substance. For there is one Person of the Father, another of the Son, and another of the Holy Ghost. But the Godhead of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Ghost is all One, the Glory Equal, the Majesty Co-Eternal.† Though the word ‘Trinity’ does not appear in the Bible, the doctrine of the Trinity is based on biblical provisions both in the New Testament and the Old Testament. Perhaps, the clearest reference to the doctrine of the Trinity in scripture can be found in Matthew 28:19 â€Å"Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit†. The Old Testament gives a glimpse of the doctrine of the Trinity in Genesis 1:26 – â€Å"Then God said, â€Å"Let Us make man in Our image†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and in Genesis 11:6-7 â€Å"And the Lord said, †¦ â€Å"Come, let Us go down and there confuse their language †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The singularity of the Godhead is made

Technical Education and Its Importance in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Technical Education and Its Importance in Pakistan Essay ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Professor David Bergin for providing me with support and guidance throughout my research. Through my experiences working with him I learned a great deal about the research process and how to structure my writing and feel better prepared to move forward with research in the future. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members who provided me with a lot of feedback on how to improve my research topic and gave me ideas to build on in future research studies. A great amount of thanks goes to the schools sampled in this study. The director of the Area Career Center was very welcoming and open to my research topic allowing me to gain as much exposure to career and technical education and their students as I wanted. Without the ACC’s interest in my study this research would not have been possible. I also want to thank the local high school that allowed me access to a few students even though they had very demanding schedules. Gaining insight from Advanced Placement students creating an interesting element to my study that I have found very valuable. ducation at an Area Career Center in mid Missouri. Newer programs that combine career and technical education courses with traditional high school instruction can benefit students in allowing them to connect their academic training with real world careers and practical concepts. This study looks at students’ perceptions of CTE, the sources of influence they reported on their decisions to take or not take CTE courses in high school and the role cultural capital played in their views. Utilizing a qualitative method of data collection eight high school seniors enrolled in either CTE only classes, AP only classes or a combined CTE and AP course load were interviewed about their views of CTE at the local area career center. All of the students were white and there were four boys and four girls interviewed in the study. Results show that all students in the study associated CTE with some form of hands on education, with students enrolled in CTE courses reacting more favorably to CTE instruction and its connection to careers and occupations. The most significant influences on students’ decisions to take or not take CTE classes were their future academic or career goals and how CTE knowledge would or would not help them. Other reported influences include teachers, family members and personal experiences. Finally, the role of cultural capital in students’ views of CTE is explored reaching the conclusion that more data and analysis is needed to find more arguable claims. 1 CHAPTER 1: Introduction In this study, I interview high school students in order to understand their thoughts on career and technical education programs in high school. One reason why this is important is that according to a 2002 survey by the U. S. Chamber of Commerce Center to Workforce Preparation, nearly 75 percent of employers report difficulty when trying to hire qualified workers. Forty percent say that applicants are poorly skilled and 30 percent say that applicants have the wrong skills for available jobs (The Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) www. acteonline. org). I believe this means that career and technical education can play a vital role in helping promote this environment and help students succeed through hands on education coupled with challenging high school curriculum. The current high school curriculum in the United States faces challenges with the No Child Left Behind legislation that mandates a standards-based education. This initiative makes career and technical education harder to promote in public schools because CTE courses are elective classes. It rests on the students to enroll themselves in courses that will provide them with the best preparation for post high school opportunities. In this study, I ask students about their attitudes toward CTE courses. Research on comprehensive education programs suggests combining more rigorous forms of education, such as advanced placement (AP) with CTE (Association for Career and Technical Education, 2006; Stern, D. , Dayton, C. , Paik, I. -W. , Weisberg, A. , Evans, J. , 1988). Because of this I include students who are taking AP courses in this study to gauge their responses to CTE. While government statistics show that most high school students 2 take at least one â€Å"vocational† course in their high school careers such as typing or home economics. (http://www. ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/cte/index. html), it seems unfortunate that high school students do not pursue a more advanced career and technical education if it is available to them alongside their academic coursework. Students who are interested in a more academic route with AP courses can balance their studies with career and technical coursework. While benefits of career and technical education can appear obvious to some, it is not difficult to understand the rejection of this alternative form of education when at least a college degree is becoming a requirement for the majority of jobs. Purpose and Research Questions Newer programs that combine career and technical education courses with traditional high school instruction can benefit students in allowing them to connect their academic training with real world careers and practical concepts. Research on career and technical education in the U. S. has a history of highlighting the faults of CTE education such as not delivering on its promises and in some cases being a one-way ticket to a working class life (Claus, 1990). These out-dated reports are representative of Career and Technical Education programs in the older sense and not the newer, academically and career focused model being utilized in many high schools today. There is little research on why students take their chosen classes in high school and how students connect their high school curriculum to their post high school decisions and careers. There is also little research on how social class might impact students’ views and use of career and technical education. In this study I addressed students views of current high 3 school career and technical education programs in an Area Career Center (ACC) in Missouri. Area career centers fall under the umbrella of CTE housing career focused coursework and training in a separate building from local high schools. I investigated how students’ reports of cultural capital seem to influence these views. I chose to conduct a qualitative study because qualitative research allows one to investigate the idiosyncratic meanings that people construct about their lived experience. I was able to pursue in-depth reasons that the students give for their decisions, and was able to use follow-up questions to elaborate on understandings. The present study will address the following research questions: Research Question 1: How do students who are enrolled in CTE or AP classes perceive CTE? Research Question 2: What sources of influence do they report experiencing regarding academic versus CTE coursework? Research Question 3: What role does cultural capital play in students’ views of CTE coursework and their decisions to take or not take CTE classes in high school? Limitations to the Study There were a few limitations to my method of recruiting students and the transferability of the findings. First, there are over 1100 students from the high school enrolled in CTE classes at the Area Career Center so eight participants is not a very representative sample of students. However, qualitative research methods required that I keep my participant pool small. Second, at the local high school, I did not have as much control over the students selected for participation as I did at the ACC. the site counselor who helped me in my 4 recruitment process may have introduced bias into the process. Third, all of the participants were white and there were more males than females in CTE classes and more females than males in AP/Advanced classes. Also, the three AP students in this study were all interested in theatre, an area of study not offered at the ACC so there was probably a general feeling of lack of interest in CTE because no courses were offered in their specific area of interest. Future qualitative studies would benefit from more diverse students from underrepresented populations. Also, because student recruitment took place in the spring, it was hard to recruit students, especially those enrolled in AP courses (either AP only or CTE/AP combined), because end of the year AP exams take place during the spring. Recruitment of students in the fall might create a wider participant pool. 5 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review History of Career and Technical Education Career and technical education began as vocational education in Europe in the 19th century in response to the increase in demand for skilled workers who were educated in industrialized professions. Other factors that influenced the birth of career and technical education include the interest traditional European elites had in their children receiving both an education as well as certification in skills. They wanted their children to gain access to positions in law and theology, and the middle class parents wanted their children to attain the necessary educational credentials to help them enter careers in the civil service or managerial positions (Benavot, 1983). In the U. S. , federal funding for career and technical education was initiated with the passing of the Smith-Hughes Act in 1917. Over the next 65 years and four modifications to the act in 1947, 1958, 1963 and 1968, career and technical education increased funding, expanded programs to improve in the areas of science, math, and foreign languages, offered support for technical occupations related to national defense, and included work study programs. In 1968, a National Advisory Council on Vocational Education was initiated to start collecting information about the progress and development of vocational education programs and students. In  1984, the Vocational Education Act was renamed the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act (Perkins I, P. L. 98-524). While continuing federal support for vocational education, it established programs emphasizing the acquisition of job skills through both vocational and technical education. The act also sought to make vocational education 6 programs accessible to â€Å"special populations,† including individuals with disabilities, disadvantaged individuals, single parents and homemakers, and incarcerated individuals. The Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act Amendments of 1990 (Perkins II, P. L. 101-392) made several revisions to the 1984 Act. Notably, the act created the tech-prep program designed to coordinate secondary and postsecondary vocational education activities into a coherent sequence of courses. Programs to eliminate sex bias were designed to prepare students for nontraditional training and employment (e. g. , training women to be welders or men to be nurses). Also, the law also required states to develop and implement performance standards and measures (e.g. , program completion and job placement) to assess gains in learning and in program performance. The Perkins Act of 1998 provided specific federal assistance for secondary and postsecondary vocational education (Skinner and Apling, 2005). The reauthorized 1998 Act also made modifications to performance standards and measures of the 1990 Act. A core set of performance indicators were included in the 1998 Act that resulted in sanctions if the level of performance was not reached or increased funding if performance exceeded the requirements. A key element of the 1998 Act was a greater focus on accountability with states required to â€Å"provide data for four core performance indicators focusing on: (1) student attainment; (2) credential attainment, (3) placement and retention, and (4) participation in and completion of non-traditional programs. † (CRS Report for Congress) Under its most recent amendment in 2006, the Carl D. Perkins Act became the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act. The 2006 amendment showed one of the most notable revisions to the act since it was established by replacing the term 7 ‘vocational education’ with ‘career and technical education. ’ This name change is especially significant in research on the influences student report in their decisions to take CTE classes because of the stigma associated with the world ‘vocational. ’ ‘Vocational’ education resonates with many as being representative of vocational education in the traditional sense and not academically focused or resulting in a college degree or high status occupations the way career and technical education can be perceived. Changing the name could help change the image of CTE towards a viable and legitimate option for secondary schooling. The 2006 revision also set in place a system of accountability to coincide with the No Child Left Behind Standards mandated for public education in the United States. Under this system of accountability, academic attainment and graduation rates of students enrolled in CTE at the secondary level will be measured. These new accountability measures create a greater need for research on how students perceive CTE in order to discover additional methods for recruiting new students and drawing greater attention from parents who steer their children towards a more college prep, academically focused course load. If students decisions not to take CTE classes rests in their view that to go to college and be a doctor they have to take advanced high school classes and CTE doesn’t look good on his transcript, administrators can use this information to create better recruitment methods. They can focus on educating students and parents on the goals of CTE and how these goals align with the traditional or advanced coursework. The subject areas most commonly associated with career and technical education are the following: Agriculture (careers related to food and fiber production and agribusiness); Business (accounting, business administration, management, information technology and  8 entrepreneurship); Family and Consumer Sciences (culinary arts, management and life skills); Health Occupations (nursing, dental, and medical technicians); Marketing (management, entrepreneurship, merchandising and retail); Technology (production, communication and transportation systems); and Trade and Industrial (skilled trades such as automotive technician, carpenter, computer numerical control technician). One difficulty in defining career and technical education coursework is the existence of district regulated definitions on what qualifies as a CTE course and how many courses a student needs to take to be classified as a CTE student. In the state of Missouri, there are 16 career clusters (See Appendix C, Table 1). â€Å"Career Clusters can give all students the academic preparation, guidance, careerrelated knowledge and flexibility to help them plan studies that are in line with their interests, abilities, and career goals. The Career Clusters framework offers a practical way for educators in all disciplines to create relevant contexts for their students learning. At the same time, it reinforces the schools fundamental objectives of academic accountability and improved achievement for all students. † (Source: Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Division of Career Education http://dese. mo. gov/divcareered/career_clusters. htm). In response to the need for a redesigned educational system in U.S. public schools to fit the needs of the 21st century, the Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) compiled a report on their views of how the remodeled education system should look (Association for Career and Technical Education, 2006). The report proposes that Career and Technical Education should be modified to do the following: (1) Support students in the acquisition of rigorous core knowledge, skills, habits and attitudes needed for success in9 postsecondary education and the high-skilled   workplace, (2) Engage students in specific career-related learning experiences that equip them to make well-informed decisions about further education and training and employment opportunities, and (3) Prepare students who may choose to enter the workforce directly after high school with levels of skills and knowledge in a particular career area that will be valued in the marketplace (Association for Career and Technical Education, 2006). Career and Technical Education Research Research on CTE tends to fall most often in two areas: the likelihood of students dropping out of school and how to serve at risk students (Plank, 2001; Stern, et al. , 1988; Catterall, 1986), and longitudinal effects of CTE programs (Plank, 2001; Arum Shavit, 1995). In 1986, Catterall and Stern looked at the use of alternative high school programs in preventing students from dropping out. They utilized the California sub-sample of the 1980 and 1982 High School and Beyond surveys (involving nearly 3,000 sophomores and 3,000 seniors) and studied the impact alternative education programs had on labor market outcomes for students. The High School and Beyond Survey in 1980 asked students how many courses they had completed in each of four CTE areas: business, office, or sales; trade and industry; technical courses; or other vocational courses. In addition to finding mixed support for alternative programs to prevent drop outs, they also found positive results on employment and wages. Stern, et al (1988) conducted a study in California that yielded similar results. Their 10 research reported the results from the first two years of an effort in 10 high schools to replicate the California Peninsula Academies. The students in the Academy school were identified by school counselors as â€Å"low performance students† with a high risk of dropping out of school (Stern, et al. , 1988). They were then placed into the Peninsula Academy, which was a school within a school, for grades 10 through 12. These low performing students took most of their remaining classes together at the school including coursework in English, math, and science as well as a course in the particular Academys focus (Stern, et al. , p. 163, 1988). The â€Å"Academy† model combines the core academic curriculum with technical instruction in a particular occupational field. Local employers representing that field participate in various ways by donating equipment to the school and serving as mentors to the students. For example, Hewlett-Packard contributed computer expertise and hardware. The companies also provide summer jobs for some of the students at the Academy school. â€Å"Having a paid summer job which is related to the Academy’s instructional focus creates a powerful connection between school work and â€Å"real† work† (Stern, et al. , p. 163, 1988). Academy students generally compiled better grades and more course credits than students in comparison groups at the same high schools. At three sites in particular, Academy students consistently out-performed comparison groups in the first two years. The authors also found that results were replicated at other sites and helped prevent students from dropping out of school. Claus (1990) conducted an ethnographic analysis of the student experience in a single CTE program, looking to answer two questions: (1) why did the students in the program report satisfaction and improved attitudes in association with their CTE program and (2) how  11 was CTE related to increasing the opportunity of these primarily working to lower class, academically-alienated youth? The CTE experience tended to reinforce class-related inequalities. â€Å"The ethnographic fieldwork and analysis suggest that while the students found their CTE program enjoyable and rewarding, this response was often rooted in a classroom experience which limited their development and reinforced their tendency toward working to lower class work and lives after school† (Claus, 1990, p. 13). Arum and Shavit (1995) utilized the 1987 â€Å"High School and Beyond† data to study individuals’ early labor market outcomes after high school and their track placement while in high school. They found that â€Å"vocational secondary education is neither as pernicious nor as detrimental as some of its opponents have maintained. † (p. 199) They found that CTE inhibited students in their decisions to continue on to college or achieve success in high prestige occupations, but also found that CTE programs serve as â€Å"a safety net for those high school graduates who are unlikely to go on to college. † (p. 199) Plank’s 2001 report for the National Research Center for Career and Technical Education looked at the balance between CTE and academic course-taking during high school for members of a longitudinal study beginning in 1988 with their eighth grade year. The students in the study were broken down into four groups: purely academic concentrators, purely CTE concentrators, dual concentrators who took both academic and CTE course work, and a group of students who took neither the purely academic or CTE coursework. Plank found the following: (1) academic concentrators showed the highest 1992 achievement, followed by dual (academic and vocational) concentrators, then students who fulfilled neither concentration, and then CTE concentrators; (2) almost all students were either in 12 postsecondary education or working, or both, in 1994, with academic concentrators most likely to be in full-time school and CTE concentrators most likely to be in full-time employment. The study concluded that further research is needed to determine what characteristics of CTE or academic education increase the risk of dropping out, and what types of integration  of academic and vocational education are most successful. Gaunt and Palmer (2005) conducted a quantitative study that investigated students’ attitudes towards career and technical education (CTE), what influenced their views, and their course selection decisions. They utilized the data from a previous study in Michigan of over 450 high school seniors. The were interested in the career and technical education funding crisis that is occurring in the wake of No Child Left Behind. Gaunt and Palmer (2005) found the majority of students citing social relationships with their friends and parents as the prime influencers of their views of career and technical education. In addition, students offered responses on how course structure, the benefits offered from each program, and advertising of the CTE programs affected their views of CTE. These results provide support for further research on the subject of career and technical education that puts an emphasis on academic training alongside CTE instruction in career-related fields. What was interesting about Gaunt and Palmer’s (2005) data was that more than half of the students not enrolled in career and technical education courses saw the courses as helping students prepare for college immediately after high school in comparison to 81% of students enrolled in CTE courses who saw this same connection. More than 80 percent of both groups of students saw the ACC as preparation for work after high school and close to 80 percent of all students saw the ACC in Michigan as designed for students of all ability levels. 13 Utilizing a qualitative methods approach with open ended interviewing methods, my study gives the students a greater opportunity to express their views of CTE education and how they compare it with their purely academic coursework. Gaunt and Palmer’s (2005) research is a big step forward in literature on career and technical education and I hope the dialogue of the participants in my study help take research even more forward. Sources of Influence How students perceive career and technical education and the their high school coursetaking decisions can be attributed to a variety of factors. In this study one of my research questions examined what are these factors and how do they influence student choices. Previous research on the influences students experience while choosing their high school classes include parents and friends, current labor markets, and school social networks including teachers and counselors. The most detailed account of influences that impact a student’s decisions to pursue a CTE curriculum in high school is Rossetti’s 1991 study about the influenced students who chose not to enroll in a Vocational School in Ohio. While evaluating the external factors that contributed to students’ decisions to enroll in CTE classes, Rossetti found that friends were the most influential with fifty-three percent stating that they had consulted their friends. (Rossetti, 1987) The next most influential figures were mother/female guardian (49%); father/male guardian (44%); brother/sister (39%); counselor (35%); girl/boyfriend (32%); other relative (32%); teacher(s) (28%); and athletic coach(es) (21%). A report by Dunham and Frome (2003) took a closer look at the role teachers and  14 counselors can play in encouraging and influencing students in their high school course selections. Their results were similar to Rossettis (1991). Current labor markets can also affect a students’ decision to enroll in CTE coursework. A publication by the National Center for Educational Statistics reported â€Å"students may be more likely to concentrate in vocational areas that prepare them for occupations with increasing job opportunities† (p. 1). In the case of the current U. S. job market, this would mean that students who take advanced courses in math and science and focus their studies towards engineering careers could be doing so not for their interest in those subjects but because they recognize the labor market’s shift to careers in engineering fields. This would also mean that these same students would specifically withdraw from involvement in courses focusing on low demand careers. This study was completed in 1998 and concluded that the reason for the decline in CTE courses was due to the job market not requiring those skills. New forms of career and technical education need to emphasize academics and career training in electronics and computer fields because the job market has made a turn towards careers of a more technical nature. Social Class and Cultural Capital The theoretical framework of this study relies upon cultural capital theory. Cultural capital can be defined as â€Å"high status cultural signals used in cultural and social selection† (Lamont and Lareau, 1988). According to Bourdieu’s definition, cultural capital â€Å"consists mainly of linguistic and cultural competence and that relationship of familiarity with culture which can only be produced by family upbringing when it transmits the dominant culture† 15 (Bourdieu, 1977). Cultural capital, according to Bourdieu, includes things such as going to museums, appreciating art and listening to classical music. â€Å"[Bourdieu] argues that individuals in privileged social locations are advantaged in ways that are not a result of the intrinsic merit of their cultural experiences. Rather, cultural training in the home is awarded unequal value in dominant institutions because of the close compatibility between the standards of child rearing in privileged homes and the (arbitrary) standards proposed by these institutions. † (Lareau, p. 276) In a dominant institution like education, the role of cultural capital translates to the practices of the school staff, teachers, organizational processes and authoritative relationships set in place as a method of exclusion for those who are unfamiliar with the institutional practices. In the U. S., children from high cultural capital backgrounds, according to cultural capital theory, have been taught directly or indirectly the value of raising one’s hand to be called on, working independently on homework assignments, and possessing a sense of entitlement to resources and extra help from teachers and other figures of authority (Lareau, 2000). It is argued that â€Å"children from higher social locations enter schools already familiar with these social arrangements† (Lareau, 1987, p. 288) and therefore succeed at a higher level than those not familiar with these practices. Being more familiar with the skills and knowledge valued by the dominant culture, students of the dominant culture are better able to adapt their skills to new settings to help negotiate their way to higher, more prestigious education and jobs. This creates a higher economic class position and allows their children to be exposed to the same culture, which is congruent with cultural reproduction theory (Aschaffenburg and Maas, 1997). 16 Bourdieu used the term â€Å"cultural reproduction† to describe the way society stratifies members of the population by reproducing the values, lif.