Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM)

Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM) A critical evaluation of total quality management (TQM) and its influences on competitive advantage. The case of Trinidad and Tobago Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP), automotive lubricant division 1.1 Background Slack (2004) explains that Quality management is extremely important in gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Growth, survival and attainment of strategic goals are all major issues of any organization quality therefore become a major issue. Existing as a private label company NP has made their way into a market filled with experienced multinationals via for increased market share. Competitors compete in terms of pricing and quality, thus NP has to make a strong dent into the impact of the customer on these bases. Vying for increased market share the need for core competencies arises and as such quality should be the number one focus. 1.2 Company background As with many companies The Trinidad and Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP) has an unfolding history. This company is owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and incorporated in 1972. Many acquisitions by the Government took place which put NP in its position within the industry today. NP acquired the assets of Shell Trinidad Limited thereby inheriting their Lubricant Blending Plant sited at Sea Lots, on the outskirts of Port of Spain. Under license, it continued to produce a range of lubricants, blended according to the Shell formulations, until the National Petroleum Brand of lubricants was launched in 1981. Since then NP continues to improve its product rating, they keep abreast of significant technological advancement in the lubricants industry. Despite competition from multi-national companies, NP brand continues to be a major player in the local and Caribbean markets, where ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s automotive and industrial lubricating oils and greases hold varying, but significant market share. NP stands out as one of the most successful state enterprises in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.  [1]   1.3 Mission 1.4 Vision 1.5 Rationale for the study Rivalry has always been a major determinant of quality of products or services. Quality management and competitive advantage is a marriage necessary for the success of a company. Thus the researcher believes that total quality management principles can be applied within NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations to gain an advantage over their competitors. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive arena brand image is everything, therefore if a company is able to sell their image then increased market share can be attained. The researcher therefore believes that quality will be a key determinant on NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand image and overall head point within the industry. A customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ right to boast of brands have always been a trend in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world, thus the ability to gain customers who can boast of NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand is essential. This aspect will be the basis of the issue as NP exists in an industry filled will multi-national players, thus competition is fierce and forceful. With the economic downfall, companies were faced with increases in production costs, thus this cost was transferred to consumers. In the first quarter of 2010 NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prices of its automotive lubricants rose twice. During an economic turmoil customers demand value for their money. Essentially quality will determine customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of products, thus ensuring a sale and continued loyalty. New methods of operations are expected to arise in an attempt to improve quality standards towards gaining a better positioning within the industry. Insights of best practices are also expected to arise. Improved efficiency and effectiveness in operations, branding, communication and services are all areas in which the researcher expects quality management to impact, thus this research can shed light on all of these areas to assist NP in attaining their mission and vision statement. 1.6 Research Aims Research question: Can the adoption of TQM contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Objectives: To critically assess the strategic TQM at NP. To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. These aims are found to be most important as it is hoped to achieve a firsthand view into the quality management practices in relation to operations and how these practices contribute and impact on competitive advantage. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW First hand knowledge is gained through the experiences of trial and error; companies have been able to create quality initiatives relevant to their operations. Various scholars have also contributed to the field of quality management by proposing models and frameworks. The researcher will examine secondary data from research to be conducted and analyze this against the literature review. Major areas of this literature review will therefore be: Total quality management Quality management systems The process approach Six sigma Balanced scorecard It is against these criteria that this literature review aims to provide pertinent information to critically assess the topic at hand. A definition of what a literature review is given as 2.1 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) When considering business activities, ignoring quality can be a key ingredient for inefficiency and loss of profits. Hannagan (2002) claims The main objective of businesses is to make the highest profits possible; therefore one must consider the TQM issues in an attempt to succeed. 2.2 ORIGIN OF TQM Slack (2004) explains that the origin of TQM was a development by several à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"quality gurusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ beginning from as early as 1957. Feigenbaum 1957 introduced the term TQM and he defined it as 2.3 WHAT IS TQM? Slack (2004) further goes on to state that TQM is best thought of as 2.4 TQM QUALITY INITIATIVES MANAGED Hannagan (2002) presents the thought that Organizations adopt TQM as a way of life as it is proved by quality throughout production until the product or service reaches the external customer. This process is measured by the quality of materials purchased from suppliers, the approach to defect control on the production line, the appearance of the building, the way problems are solved for customers, the way employees are organized and the organizations internal communication system. Hannagan (2002) continues by saying that Hannagan (2002) goes on further by claiming that TQM is a strategic approach within an organisation which can provide an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"umbrellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under which a number of quality initiatives can be managed. These initiatives include: Statistical process control Right-first-time Just-in-time Quality assurance Benchmarking Quality circles Tauguchi method 2.5 CRITISM OF TQM IMPLEMENTATION Slack (20004) argues that These programmes may loose their impulse over time. This has been variously described as quality disillusionment and quality droop. Various researchers and consultants who have implemented TQM, Slack (2004) argues have put forward prescriptions which are intended to reduce the risk of recurring. These include the following: Do not define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in TQM narrowly; it includes all aspects of performance. Make all quality improvement relate to the performance objectives of the operations. TQM is a means of improving performance and not an end in itself. TQM should not be viewed as a substitute for responsibilities of normal managerial leadership. It is important to note that ineffective managers are not made better simply by adopting TQM. TQM is not an attachment of a company. It should be integrated with and indistinguishable from everyday activities. TQM has a considerable intuitive attraction. It is sometimes tempting to exploit the motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pullà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of TQM rather than thoroughly thought-out plans. Different organizations will have different needs depending on their circumstances. TQM should be adapted to these circumstances. Companies may push quality for its own sake, and shift too much responsibility down to the shop floor. In addition TQM is incompatible with more radical improvement approaches such as business process reengineering (BPR). TQM may also imply empowerment and liberal attitude toward shop floor staff; however it is argued that this is merely a further example of management exploiting workers. Critics have been known to define TQM as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“management by stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 2.6 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (QMS) AND PROCESSES A SIMPLE FLOWCHART SHOWING HOW PROCESSES ARE CHARTED IN AN ORGANISATION SOURCE: http://www.praxiom.com/process-approach.htm QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS SOURCE: http://www.abcb.demon.co.uk/iso9k2kworkbook_part5.html Quality management system seeks to identify external quality related input requirements specified in Licenses to Trade, regulations, specified customer requirements and the chosen management system standard(s). In addition quality systems seek to define performance measures, as applicable, to the system requirements and generate the result or evidence that system requirements have been executed. The next step is to measure, monitor and report extent of compliance with these performance measures.  [2]   To achieve a standard the first step is to implement a QMS. Implementing a QMS can help your business to: achieve greater consistency, reduce expensive mistakes, increase efficiency, gain customer satisfaction, effectively market your business, exploit new markets manage growth more effectively and constantly improve your products, processes and systems. 2.7 THE PROCESS APPROACH The ISO 9000 series of standards is the main set of International Standards applying to the management of quality systems. It includes ISO 9001, the key internationally agreed standard for a QMS. Achieving ISO 9001 certification could mean new business. This certification can help distinguish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from competitors.   Slack (2004) refers to the ISO 9000 series as Slack (2004) recognizes that there are four additional principles which ISO 9000 stresses upon. He argues that quality management should be customer focused. In addition he states that quality performance should be measured. Thirdly Slack sees the need for quality management to be improvement driven. Fourthly top management must demonstrate their commitment to maintaining and continually improving management systems. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CERTIFICATION ADVANTAGES: 1. Increased Efficiency: Companies that go through the ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management Standards certification process have given a lot of thought to their processes and how to maximize quality and efficiency. 2. Increased Revenue: Studies have shown that ISO QMS certified companies experience increased productivity and improved financial performance, compared to uncertified companies. 3. Customer Satisfaction: Client confidence is gained because of the universal acceptance of the ISO standards. Customer satisfaction is ensured because of the benefits of ISO 9001:2000 QMS to company efficiency, consistency and dedication to quality service.  [3]   DISADVANTAGES: The actual change to ISO 9000 for operations can be very expensive. As is well known in business and industry, it is difficult to change the habits of long-time employees. New ways are usually resisted by everyone. This resistance cuts into profits and also decreases company morale. There are times when companies feel that the existing set of operational procedures is already working well and they do not feel a change is necessary. Now these companies have the choice of loosing a customer or implementing ISO 9000. Either way money is lost in the short term.  [4]   2.8 SIX SIGMA INITIATIVES Six Sigma simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects in any process whether it is from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. The fundamental objective of the Six Sigma methodology is the implementation of a measurement-based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction through the application of Six Sigma improvement projects.  [5]   Slack (2004) explains that Six Sigma processes are executed via belts. Master Black Belts are the experts in the use of Six Sigma tools, techniques and implementations. Six Sigma Black Belts can take a direct hand in organizing improvement teams. Green Belts work within improvement teams; they are not full-time positioned and have normal day-to-day process responsibilities. It is expected that they spend at least twenty per cent of their time in improvement projects. ARGUMENTS FOR AND against THE SIX SIGMA INITIATIVE Slack (2004) identifies the following positive perspectives of the Six Sigma initiative: Improvement activity is generally neglected in most operations and if it is to be taken seriously, it deserves the significant investment required. If operated well, Six Sigma improvement projects controlled by experienced personnel can save more than their cost. Slack (2004) identifies the following flaws of the Six Sigma initiative. It can be too hierarchical in the way it structures its various levels of involvement in the improvement activity. It is expensive. Training and improvement time can prove to be costly. 2.9 THE BALANCED SCORECARD The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used  to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. It was originated by Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton  as a performance measurement framework  that  added strategic  non-financial performance measures to traditional financial metrics to  give managers and executives a  more balanced view of organizational performance.   DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VIEW OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD FROM FOUR PERSPECTIVES SOURCE:http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSCResources/AbouttheBalancedScorecard/tabid/55/Default.aspx The balanced scorecard suggests that we view the organization from four perspectives, and to develop metrics, collect data and analyze it relative to each of these perspectives: The Learning Growth Perspective includes employee training and corporate cultural attitudes related to both individual and corporate self-improvement. The Business Process Perspective refers to internal business processes. Metrics based on this perspective allow the managers to know how well their business is running, and whether its products and services conform to customer requirements. The Customer Perspective explains that the realization of the importance of customer focus and customer satisfaction in any business is essential. The Financial Perspective states that often there is more than enough handling and processing of financial data. With the implementation of a corporate database, it is hoped that more of the processing can be centralized and automated.  [6]   Quality indeed provides companies with a competitive edge. Total quality management looks at a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations holistically and determines best practice quality initiatives. Though there are pitfalls to the strategic implication of TQM, compilation of proper initiatives can reduce the occurrence of such pitfalls. TQM initiatives can also result in customer satisfaction, thereby resulting in customer loyalty. 3.0 METHODOLOGY Saunders (2003) simply defines methodology as Haralambos (2000) however goes a bit further by explaining what methodology is concerned with. He sees methodology as being The research to be conducted will take a deductive approach. This research approach is found to be the most appropriate, as a topic/ hypothesis is designed and a research strategy is designed to test the topic/ hypothesis. Although the research is a deductive piece of work, the researcher will adopt a mixed approach to data collection. That is the research paradigm will be a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative data. Generally the philosophies used are positivists and phenomenologist. Triangulation research will be conducted as this will increase validity and reliability. Research question: Can the adoption of total quality management (TQM) contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Having formulated the research topic it is essential that the researcher answers the research question. Thus essentially the researcher will undertake many strategies in addressing this question. By conducting structured research via hypothesis testing and analyze of information based on best practices and recommendations the answer to the research question will be attained. Thus the use of both primary and secondary data collection tools will be profound for this question. OBJECTIVE ONE: To critically assess the strategic total quality management initiatives at NP. In collecting data for objective one the researcher has found it fit to use case studies. Robson (2002) defines case study AS The data collection methods will include questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary analysis. The researcher will select interviews and documentary analysis in an attempt to collect the data required. Interviews will be conducted by the researcher. Structured interviews will be utilized. Two groups will be targeted: quality control managers and quality supervisors. This will be done in an attempt to gain information based on the quality methods and standards N.P. currently has. Also to establish the quality initiatives deployed from subordinates in the upper section of the organizational structure. This data collection method will be of primary nature. Interviews will be conducted to these groups because these are the groups with the required information. Documentation analysis will also be selected as a means of data collection. The method used is necessary to gain information about N.P. and their documents based on quality control. It is intended to identify inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant documents based on quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these documents that N.P. thrives for their quality standards. Analytical technique: the funnel technique will be used in conducting interviews. Quality initiatives are not easily shared therefore by beginning the interview with general questions and narrowing down, the groups targeted will feel comfortable and easy going thereby gaining the information desired. Justification of methods: The researcher has found it useful to conduct interviews as detailed information is gained from people in a face-to-face situation, thereby allowing interviewers to explore issues in- depth. This method has its downside as it gives rise to the possibility of biasness due to interaction. In conducting documentation analysis the researcher will analyze documents in an attempt to identify trends in sales performance relative to competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance with respect to the quality initiatives employed at this company. OBJECTIVE TWO: To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. In collecting data for objective two the researcher found it useful to conduct surveys. Letts (2000) explains Saunders (2003) goes on further on this point by claiming that Data here is collected by using questionnaires, structured observations and structured interviews. Data collected from surveys are standardized, allowing easy comparison. The researcher will use questionnaires and structured observations in an attempt to collect the necessary data. A questionnaire will be constructed containing twenty five questions, in which respondents will be asked to answer. The questionnaire will be handed out to other companies within the industry. These companies include Bel-Ray, Castrol, Havoline and Shell. A total of 10 questionnaires each will be given out at these companies. These questionnaires will be given to members within the quality departments of these companies. These members will be randomly selected within the department. Questionnaires will be given out to these members as it was them who will have the required information. Structured observations will also be used to collect data. The researcher will adopt a participant observation approach to this method. While at the various service stations, quick shops and auto mechanic parts shops the researcher will spend time observing customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ choice of lubricants when other brands are available. In addition observations will be made based on the prices of other brands compared to N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand and customer perception of quality based upon this factor. Research will be done on both customers and companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quality departments. This will be undertaken as gaining an increased market share results in gaining a resource capability towards having a competitive advantage. Thus customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preferences of one product over another will give the researcher the entities of what constitutes competitive advantage based on quality. Thus making room for opportunities for benchmarking based on specifications u tilized by other companies within the industry. Justification of methods: Questionnaires will be utilized as the researcher wishes to question a large number of individuals within a short space of time. Time would constraint the researcher in conducting interviews with 40 persons individually within the industry. Participant observation will be used in an attempt to gain a complete understanding of the views, preferences and beliefs of the people being surveyed. In addition the researcher will interact with individuals of the sample in an attempt to gain reasons for their choice. The researcher will acknowledge that there will be a major drawback by using questionnaires. That is they cannot address issues in-depth. It is for this reason that participant observation will be used hand in hand with the questionnaire as it will allow individuals to go in depth on issues. Analytical technique: the researcher will use cognitive access in an attempt to gain information from customers. Participant observation requires interactive processes, therefore it is crucial to gain entry and carry out the research. The researcher acknowledges the fact that informal acceptance from intended participants will be necessary in order to gain access to the required information. Cognitive access will be used as it is necessary for participants to feel understood and this will allow the researcher to gain an understanding of their social reality by allowing them to know what is being studied and the objective. This aims at making participants openly give information based on the objective of the research. Objective three: To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. Documentation analysis will be selected as the means of data collection for the attainment of this objective. This method is necessary for analyzing the information gained about N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s documentations based on quality control. The N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality initiatives discovered will be scrutinized along side information attained from the industry analysis. It is intended to identify gaps within the operation requirements relevant to inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these analyses that gaps will be identified and compliance standards assessed. Justification of methods: documentation analysis was found to be the most appropriate method as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. OBJECTIVE FOUR: To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. In collecting data for objective three the researcher will use the multiple- source secondary data process. This objective will be achieved by evaluating the literature and documentary secondary data and matching up the findings to the survey- based secondary data. Documentary secondary data uses a combination of primary and secondary data. By reviewing the literature based on the selected topic, quality management best practice in relation to N.P. will be determined. In addition companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s print out from their intranet will be used to gain an inside view of N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective of quality management best practice. Survey- based secondary data will allow the researcher to compare the findings gained from doing research via survey and case study methods to information derived from documentary secondary data. The researcher will be able to make recommendations based on this comparison. The comparison of the findings from both documentary secondary data and survey base secondary data will be necessary as this is the method which will reveal the necessary information. Justification of methods: The multiple- source secondary data process was found to be the most appropriate as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. The researcher however acknowledges the fact that there may be no real control over the quality of data. 3.1 ethical issues The research will guard against any unethical methods of data collection. Essentially the criteria relevant to the methods of data collection chosen are as follows: Voluntary participation and conformed consent: all participants will not be coerced into participating in the research. Consent will be sought after from all parties to be studied. All participants will be given a through breakdown on the study and its aims. Confidentiality and anonymity: the researcher will not seek after names or any personal information which may reveal the participantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. This will be made clear to all parties in advance of the method of data collection. 3.2 Limitations of study When conducting research and collecting data one must consider the limitations of the study as this may provide boundaries and barriers to gaining a representative and accurate piece of work. The researcher will therefore guard against the following: Response rate: limited time and anonymity of respondents may provide barriers to the researcher for following up on people who didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t respond, thus resulting in a low response rate. Scope of information: Companies cherishes their quality management secrets and guiding principles, therefore information on the characteristics of the quality management initiatives may not be divulged. Time: the limited timeframe allotted to conduct this study may constrain the researcher form collecting sufficient comparative data from competitors in an attempt to present a more in-depth comparative analysis. Generalization: due to the nature of the topic and the research objectives, the findings may not be applicable to other organizations. The situation, time and place may be of a different nature. 3.3 RESEARCH TOOLS The researcher will ensure that the tools and resources are available to carry out the research designs. These materials will include: Stationary tools: pens; paper and note pads. Data collection tool: questionnaires and voice recorder. Monetary tools: The researcher will require finances to reach destination to attain data. 3.4 MARGIN OF ERROR: DATA RELIABILITY, VALIDITY AND ACCURACY Reliability and accuracy: McNeil (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"research methodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) defines data as Data reliability therefore, is concerned with ideas such as: 1. The consistency of the data collected 2. The precision with which data is collected 3. The ability to replicate a piece of work. The reliability of data collected will be an important consideration since if data used is not reliable, then the conclusions or findings drawn will be fairly useless. Data reliability will be affected by such things as researcher bias into data collection processes, standardization and interpretation. The inability to record data accurately will cause the data to be less reliable. Validity: Data is only useful if it measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which the data collected gives true measurement of social reality.  [7]   When conducting research the concepts of reliability, validity and accuracy go hand in hand. It would be safe to say therefore that if data is reliable but not valid then it may have limited use. Also if data is valid, but not reliable the researcher may not be able to make general statements. In undertaking this research the researcher acknowledges the fact that the research will not be one hundred percent (100%) reliable, valid and accurate. However the researcher will make every attempt to achieve these in an aim to stand against scrutiny. The researcher will conduct the research in a highly professional, ethical and confidential manner. In addition all interpretations and collection of data will be made in an attempt to be unbiased. 4.0 Justification of time plan Essentially projects must conform to set deadline dates. Thus a plan is essential to ensure the successful completion within the timeframe allowed. The dates proposed are expected to conformation however contingencies will assist the researcher in any short comings. These dates are given in medium term expected time span, therefore any additional times required will be attained via slack times gained form other tasks running simultaneously. Therefore undergoing a successful dissertation a timescale becomes necessary to use to gain efficiency and complete the project on time. For the purpose of this study the duration will be six months. The stating date will be June 15th 2010 to December 15th 2010. Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM) Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM) A critical evaluation of total quality management (TQM) and its influences on competitive advantage. The case of Trinidad and Tobago Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP), automotive lubricant division 1.1 Background Slack (2004) explains that Quality management is extremely important in gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Growth, survival and attainment of strategic goals are all major issues of any organization quality therefore become a major issue. Existing as a private label company NP has made their way into a market filled with experienced multinationals via for increased market share. Competitors compete in terms of pricing and quality, thus NP has to make a strong dent into the impact of the customer on these bases. Vying for increased market share the need for core competencies arises and as such quality should be the number one focus. 1.2 Company background As with many companies The Trinidad and Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP) has an unfolding history. This company is owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and incorporated in 1972. Many acquisitions by the Government took place which put NP in its position within the industry today. NP acquired the assets of Shell Trinidad Limited thereby inheriting their Lubricant Blending Plant sited at Sea Lots, on the outskirts of Port of Spain. Under license, it continued to produce a range of lubricants, blended according to the Shell formulations, until the National Petroleum Brand of lubricants was launched in 1981. Since then NP continues to improve its product rating, they keep abreast of significant technological advancement in the lubricants industry. Despite competition from multi-national companies, NP brand continues to be a major player in the local and Caribbean markets, where ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s automotive and industrial lubricating oils and greases hold varying, but significant market share. NP stands out as one of the most successful state enterprises in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.  [1]   1.3 Mission 1.4 Vision 1.5 Rationale for the study Rivalry has always been a major determinant of quality of products or services. Quality management and competitive advantage is a marriage necessary for the success of a company. Thus the researcher believes that total quality management principles can be applied within NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations to gain an advantage over their competitors. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive arena brand image is everything, therefore if a company is able to sell their image then increased market share can be attained. The researcher therefore believes that quality will be a key determinant on NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand image and overall head point within the industry. A customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ right to boast of brands have always been a trend in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world, thus the ability to gain customers who can boast of NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand is essential. This aspect will be the basis of the issue as NP exists in an industry filled will multi-national players, thus competition is fierce and forceful. With the economic downfall, companies were faced with increases in production costs, thus this cost was transferred to consumers. In the first quarter of 2010 NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prices of its automotive lubricants rose twice. During an economic turmoil customers demand value for their money. Essentially quality will determine customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of products, thus ensuring a sale and continued loyalty. New methods of operations are expected to arise in an attempt to improve quality standards towards gaining a better positioning within the industry. Insights of best practices are also expected to arise. Improved efficiency and effectiveness in operations, branding, communication and services are all areas in which the researcher expects quality management to impact, thus this research can shed light on all of these areas to assist NP in attaining their mission and vision statement. 1.6 Research Aims Research question: Can the adoption of TQM contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Objectives: To critically assess the strategic TQM at NP. To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. These aims are found to be most important as it is hoped to achieve a firsthand view into the quality management practices in relation to operations and how these practices contribute and impact on competitive advantage. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW First hand knowledge is gained through the experiences of trial and error; companies have been able to create quality initiatives relevant to their operations. Various scholars have also contributed to the field of quality management by proposing models and frameworks. The researcher will examine secondary data from research to be conducted and analyze this against the literature review. Major areas of this literature review will therefore be: Total quality management Quality management systems The process approach Six sigma Balanced scorecard It is against these criteria that this literature review aims to provide pertinent information to critically assess the topic at hand. A definition of what a literature review is given as 2.1 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) When considering business activities, ignoring quality can be a key ingredient for inefficiency and loss of profits. Hannagan (2002) claims The main objective of businesses is to make the highest profits possible; therefore one must consider the TQM issues in an attempt to succeed. 2.2 ORIGIN OF TQM Slack (2004) explains that the origin of TQM was a development by several à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"quality gurusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ beginning from as early as 1957. Feigenbaum 1957 introduced the term TQM and he defined it as 2.3 WHAT IS TQM? Slack (2004) further goes on to state that TQM is best thought of as 2.4 TQM QUALITY INITIATIVES MANAGED Hannagan (2002) presents the thought that Organizations adopt TQM as a way of life as it is proved by quality throughout production until the product or service reaches the external customer. This process is measured by the quality of materials purchased from suppliers, the approach to defect control on the production line, the appearance of the building, the way problems are solved for customers, the way employees are organized and the organizations internal communication system. Hannagan (2002) continues by saying that Hannagan (2002) goes on further by claiming that TQM is a strategic approach within an organisation which can provide an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"umbrellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under which a number of quality initiatives can be managed. These initiatives include: Statistical process control Right-first-time Just-in-time Quality assurance Benchmarking Quality circles Tauguchi method 2.5 CRITISM OF TQM IMPLEMENTATION Slack (20004) argues that These programmes may loose their impulse over time. This has been variously described as quality disillusionment and quality droop. Various researchers and consultants who have implemented TQM, Slack (2004) argues have put forward prescriptions which are intended to reduce the risk of recurring. These include the following: Do not define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in TQM narrowly; it includes all aspects of performance. Make all quality improvement relate to the performance objectives of the operations. TQM is a means of improving performance and not an end in itself. TQM should not be viewed as a substitute for responsibilities of normal managerial leadership. It is important to note that ineffective managers are not made better simply by adopting TQM. TQM is not an attachment of a company. It should be integrated with and indistinguishable from everyday activities. TQM has a considerable intuitive attraction. It is sometimes tempting to exploit the motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pullà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of TQM rather than thoroughly thought-out plans. Different organizations will have different needs depending on their circumstances. TQM should be adapted to these circumstances. Companies may push quality for its own sake, and shift too much responsibility down to the shop floor. In addition TQM is incompatible with more radical improvement approaches such as business process reengineering (BPR). TQM may also imply empowerment and liberal attitude toward shop floor staff; however it is argued that this is merely a further example of management exploiting workers. Critics have been known to define TQM as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“management by stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 2.6 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (QMS) AND PROCESSES A SIMPLE FLOWCHART SHOWING HOW PROCESSES ARE CHARTED IN AN ORGANISATION SOURCE: http://www.praxiom.com/process-approach.htm QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS SOURCE: http://www.abcb.demon.co.uk/iso9k2kworkbook_part5.html Quality management system seeks to identify external quality related input requirements specified in Licenses to Trade, regulations, specified customer requirements and the chosen management system standard(s). In addition quality systems seek to define performance measures, as applicable, to the system requirements and generate the result or evidence that system requirements have been executed. The next step is to measure, monitor and report extent of compliance with these performance measures.  [2]   To achieve a standard the first step is to implement a QMS. Implementing a QMS can help your business to: achieve greater consistency, reduce expensive mistakes, increase efficiency, gain customer satisfaction, effectively market your business, exploit new markets manage growth more effectively and constantly improve your products, processes and systems. 2.7 THE PROCESS APPROACH The ISO 9000 series of standards is the main set of International Standards applying to the management of quality systems. It includes ISO 9001, the key internationally agreed standard for a QMS. Achieving ISO 9001 certification could mean new business. This certification can help distinguish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from competitors.   Slack (2004) refers to the ISO 9000 series as Slack (2004) recognizes that there are four additional principles which ISO 9000 stresses upon. He argues that quality management should be customer focused. In addition he states that quality performance should be measured. Thirdly Slack sees the need for quality management to be improvement driven. Fourthly top management must demonstrate their commitment to maintaining and continually improving management systems. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CERTIFICATION ADVANTAGES: 1. Increased Efficiency: Companies that go through the ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management Standards certification process have given a lot of thought to their processes and how to maximize quality and efficiency. 2. Increased Revenue: Studies have shown that ISO QMS certified companies experience increased productivity and improved financial performance, compared to uncertified companies. 3. Customer Satisfaction: Client confidence is gained because of the universal acceptance of the ISO standards. Customer satisfaction is ensured because of the benefits of ISO 9001:2000 QMS to company efficiency, consistency and dedication to quality service.  [3]   DISADVANTAGES: The actual change to ISO 9000 for operations can be very expensive. As is well known in business and industry, it is difficult to change the habits of long-time employees. New ways are usually resisted by everyone. This resistance cuts into profits and also decreases company morale. There are times when companies feel that the existing set of operational procedures is already working well and they do not feel a change is necessary. Now these companies have the choice of loosing a customer or implementing ISO 9000. Either way money is lost in the short term.  [4]   2.8 SIX SIGMA INITIATIVES Six Sigma simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects in any process whether it is from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. The fundamental objective of the Six Sigma methodology is the implementation of a measurement-based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction through the application of Six Sigma improvement projects.  [5]   Slack (2004) explains that Six Sigma processes are executed via belts. Master Black Belts are the experts in the use of Six Sigma tools, techniques and implementations. Six Sigma Black Belts can take a direct hand in organizing improvement teams. Green Belts work within improvement teams; they are not full-time positioned and have normal day-to-day process responsibilities. It is expected that they spend at least twenty per cent of their time in improvement projects. ARGUMENTS FOR AND against THE SIX SIGMA INITIATIVE Slack (2004) identifies the following positive perspectives of the Six Sigma initiative: Improvement activity is generally neglected in most operations and if it is to be taken seriously, it deserves the significant investment required. If operated well, Six Sigma improvement projects controlled by experienced personnel can save more than their cost. Slack (2004) identifies the following flaws of the Six Sigma initiative. It can be too hierarchical in the way it structures its various levels of involvement in the improvement activity. It is expensive. Training and improvement time can prove to be costly. 2.9 THE BALANCED SCORECARD The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used  to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. It was originated by Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton  as a performance measurement framework  that  added strategic  non-financial performance measures to traditional financial metrics to  give managers and executives a  more balanced view of organizational performance.   DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VIEW OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD FROM FOUR PERSPECTIVES SOURCE:http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSCResources/AbouttheBalancedScorecard/tabid/55/Default.aspx The balanced scorecard suggests that we view the organization from four perspectives, and to develop metrics, collect data and analyze it relative to each of these perspectives: The Learning Growth Perspective includes employee training and corporate cultural attitudes related to both individual and corporate self-improvement. The Business Process Perspective refers to internal business processes. Metrics based on this perspective allow the managers to know how well their business is running, and whether its products and services conform to customer requirements. The Customer Perspective explains that the realization of the importance of customer focus and customer satisfaction in any business is essential. The Financial Perspective states that often there is more than enough handling and processing of financial data. With the implementation of a corporate database, it is hoped that more of the processing can be centralized and automated.  [6]   Quality indeed provides companies with a competitive edge. Total quality management looks at a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations holistically and determines best practice quality initiatives. Though there are pitfalls to the strategic implication of TQM, compilation of proper initiatives can reduce the occurrence of such pitfalls. TQM initiatives can also result in customer satisfaction, thereby resulting in customer loyalty. 3.0 METHODOLOGY Saunders (2003) simply defines methodology as Haralambos (2000) however goes a bit further by explaining what methodology is concerned with. He sees methodology as being The research to be conducted will take a deductive approach. This research approach is found to be the most appropriate, as a topic/ hypothesis is designed and a research strategy is designed to test the topic/ hypothesis. Although the research is a deductive piece of work, the researcher will adopt a mixed approach to data collection. That is the research paradigm will be a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative data. Generally the philosophies used are positivists and phenomenologist. Triangulation research will be conducted as this will increase validity and reliability. Research question: Can the adoption of total quality management (TQM) contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Having formulated the research topic it is essential that the researcher answers the research question. Thus essentially the researcher will undertake many strategies in addressing this question. By conducting structured research via hypothesis testing and analyze of information based on best practices and recommendations the answer to the research question will be attained. Thus the use of both primary and secondary data collection tools will be profound for this question. OBJECTIVE ONE: To critically assess the strategic total quality management initiatives at NP. In collecting data for objective one the researcher has found it fit to use case studies. Robson (2002) defines case study AS The data collection methods will include questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary analysis. The researcher will select interviews and documentary analysis in an attempt to collect the data required. Interviews will be conducted by the researcher. Structured interviews will be utilized. Two groups will be targeted: quality control managers and quality supervisors. This will be done in an attempt to gain information based on the quality methods and standards N.P. currently has. Also to establish the quality initiatives deployed from subordinates in the upper section of the organizational structure. This data collection method will be of primary nature. Interviews will be conducted to these groups because these are the groups with the required information. Documentation analysis will also be selected as a means of data collection. The method used is necessary to gain information about N.P. and their documents based on quality control. It is intended to identify inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant documents based on quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these documents that N.P. thrives for their quality standards. Analytical technique: the funnel technique will be used in conducting interviews. Quality initiatives are not easily shared therefore by beginning the interview with general questions and narrowing down, the groups targeted will feel comfortable and easy going thereby gaining the information desired. Justification of methods: The researcher has found it useful to conduct interviews as detailed information is gained from people in a face-to-face situation, thereby allowing interviewers to explore issues in- depth. This method has its downside as it gives rise to the possibility of biasness due to interaction. In conducting documentation analysis the researcher will analyze documents in an attempt to identify trends in sales performance relative to competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance with respect to the quality initiatives employed at this company. OBJECTIVE TWO: To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. In collecting data for objective two the researcher found it useful to conduct surveys. Letts (2000) explains Saunders (2003) goes on further on this point by claiming that Data here is collected by using questionnaires, structured observations and structured interviews. Data collected from surveys are standardized, allowing easy comparison. The researcher will use questionnaires and structured observations in an attempt to collect the necessary data. A questionnaire will be constructed containing twenty five questions, in which respondents will be asked to answer. The questionnaire will be handed out to other companies within the industry. These companies include Bel-Ray, Castrol, Havoline and Shell. A total of 10 questionnaires each will be given out at these companies. These questionnaires will be given to members within the quality departments of these companies. These members will be randomly selected within the department. Questionnaires will be given out to these members as it was them who will have the required information. Structured observations will also be used to collect data. The researcher will adopt a participant observation approach to this method. While at the various service stations, quick shops and auto mechanic parts shops the researcher will spend time observing customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ choice of lubricants when other brands are available. In addition observations will be made based on the prices of other brands compared to N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand and customer perception of quality based upon this factor. Research will be done on both customers and companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quality departments. This will be undertaken as gaining an increased market share results in gaining a resource capability towards having a competitive advantage. Thus customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preferences of one product over another will give the researcher the entities of what constitutes competitive advantage based on quality. Thus making room for opportunities for benchmarking based on specifications u tilized by other companies within the industry. Justification of methods: Questionnaires will be utilized as the researcher wishes to question a large number of individuals within a short space of time. Time would constraint the researcher in conducting interviews with 40 persons individually within the industry. Participant observation will be used in an attempt to gain a complete understanding of the views, preferences and beliefs of the people being surveyed. In addition the researcher will interact with individuals of the sample in an attempt to gain reasons for their choice. The researcher will acknowledge that there will be a major drawback by using questionnaires. That is they cannot address issues in-depth. It is for this reason that participant observation will be used hand in hand with the questionnaire as it will allow individuals to go in depth on issues. Analytical technique: the researcher will use cognitive access in an attempt to gain information from customers. Participant observation requires interactive processes, therefore it is crucial to gain entry and carry out the research. The researcher acknowledges the fact that informal acceptance from intended participants will be necessary in order to gain access to the required information. Cognitive access will be used as it is necessary for participants to feel understood and this will allow the researcher to gain an understanding of their social reality by allowing them to know what is being studied and the objective. This aims at making participants openly give information based on the objective of the research. Objective three: To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. Documentation analysis will be selected as the means of data collection for the attainment of this objective. This method is necessary for analyzing the information gained about N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s documentations based on quality control. The N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality initiatives discovered will be scrutinized along side information attained from the industry analysis. It is intended to identify gaps within the operation requirements relevant to inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these analyses that gaps will be identified and compliance standards assessed. Justification of methods: documentation analysis was found to be the most appropriate method as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. OBJECTIVE FOUR: To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. In collecting data for objective three the researcher will use the multiple- source secondary data process. This objective will be achieved by evaluating the literature and documentary secondary data and matching up the findings to the survey- based secondary data. Documentary secondary data uses a combination of primary and secondary data. By reviewing the literature based on the selected topic, quality management best practice in relation to N.P. will be determined. In addition companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s print out from their intranet will be used to gain an inside view of N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective of quality management best practice. Survey- based secondary data will allow the researcher to compare the findings gained from doing research via survey and case study methods to information derived from documentary secondary data. The researcher will be able to make recommendations based on this comparison. The comparison of the findings from both documentary secondary data and survey base secondary data will be necessary as this is the method which will reveal the necessary information. Justification of methods: The multiple- source secondary data process was found to be the most appropriate as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. The researcher however acknowledges the fact that there may be no real control over the quality of data. 3.1 ethical issues The research will guard against any unethical methods of data collection. Essentially the criteria relevant to the methods of data collection chosen are as follows: Voluntary participation and conformed consent: all participants will not be coerced into participating in the research. Consent will be sought after from all parties to be studied. All participants will be given a through breakdown on the study and its aims. Confidentiality and anonymity: the researcher will not seek after names or any personal information which may reveal the participantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. This will be made clear to all parties in advance of the method of data collection. 3.2 Limitations of study When conducting research and collecting data one must consider the limitations of the study as this may provide boundaries and barriers to gaining a representative and accurate piece of work. The researcher will therefore guard against the following: Response rate: limited time and anonymity of respondents may provide barriers to the researcher for following up on people who didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t respond, thus resulting in a low response rate. Scope of information: Companies cherishes their quality management secrets and guiding principles, therefore information on the characteristics of the quality management initiatives may not be divulged. Time: the limited timeframe allotted to conduct this study may constrain the researcher form collecting sufficient comparative data from competitors in an attempt to present a more in-depth comparative analysis. Generalization: due to the nature of the topic and the research objectives, the findings may not be applicable to other organizations. The situation, time and place may be of a different nature. 3.3 RESEARCH TOOLS The researcher will ensure that the tools and resources are available to carry out the research designs. These materials will include: Stationary tools: pens; paper and note pads. Data collection tool: questionnaires and voice recorder. Monetary tools: The researcher will require finances to reach destination to attain data. 3.4 MARGIN OF ERROR: DATA RELIABILITY, VALIDITY AND ACCURACY Reliability and accuracy: McNeil (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"research methodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) defines data as Data reliability therefore, is concerned with ideas such as: 1. The consistency of the data collected 2. The precision with which data is collected 3. The ability to replicate a piece of work. The reliability of data collected will be an important consideration since if data used is not reliable, then the conclusions or findings drawn will be fairly useless. Data reliability will be affected by such things as researcher bias into data collection processes, standardization and interpretation. The inability to record data accurately will cause the data to be less reliable. Validity: Data is only useful if it measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which the data collected gives true measurement of social reality.  [7]   When conducting research the concepts of reliability, validity and accuracy go hand in hand. It would be safe to say therefore that if data is reliable but not valid then it may have limited use. Also if data is valid, but not reliable the researcher may not be able to make general statements. In undertaking this research the researcher acknowledges the fact that the research will not be one hundred percent (100%) reliable, valid and accurate. However the researcher will make every attempt to achieve these in an aim to stand against scrutiny. The researcher will conduct the research in a highly professional, ethical and confidential manner. In addition all interpretations and collection of data will be made in an attempt to be unbiased. 4.0 Justification of time plan Essentially projects must conform to set deadline dates. Thus a plan is essential to ensure the successful completion within the timeframe allowed. The dates proposed are expected to conformation however contingencies will assist the researcher in any short comings. These dates are given in medium term expected time span, therefore any additional times required will be attained via slack times gained form other tasks running simultaneously. Therefore undergoing a successful dissertation a timescale becomes necessary to use to gain efficiency and complete the project on time. For the purpose of this study the duration will be six months. The stating date will be June 15th 2010 to December 15th 2010.

A Project In Al Ain City Tourism Essay

A Project In Al Ain City Tourism Essay Introduction of Al Ain City Al Ain city is immaterial part of Emirate. The meaning of Al Ain in Arabic is The Spring. It holds greatest Emirates culture. Its geographical area is 1,270,000 hectares. Al Ain city have many distinct geographical areas with different characteristics. The population of Al Ain City are 540,000 with 400,000 regions. This city is very important as a social and economic hub. Al Ain city located in west of Hajar mountains. (Al Ain City Introduction) Business in Al Ain City Private organizations are extremely valued in Al Ain City. In this city fresh ideas are always promoted. If you are going to set a new business in Al Ain City, Following information will helpful for your business. This will give you a brief idea on how to get business start-up. It will also tell you about getting business license and registry. (Business in Al AIn City) If you have an effective business plan and wand to take a safest step forward in new business then Al Ain city is the right place for establishing your business. Procedures are very simple and transparent. This procedure takes only few days if you have all documents those are required by relevant authorities. (Business Startup) SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis comes under Marketing Management. After applying management plans SWOT analysis is used. SWOT stands for Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T). Strengths and weaknesses are the part of internal process. Opportunities and threats are the external process of any business firm. SWOT analysis is very effective for business in Al Ain City. SWOT analysis for any business in Al Ain city explained below: (SWOT Introduction) Strengths Strengths of Al Ain organization depends on the resources and capabilities that they are using in their organization. These are the basics for developing a competitive advantage. Simple examples of these strengths are: Al Ain organization has patents for their business. It has strong brand name In all over emirate Al Ain organization has good reputation among their consumers or customers. Al Ain knows follows all laws related to their field and always updated from these new laws. It is the cost advantage for Al Ain Organization. Al Ain organization uses the best natural resources for exclusive access. Al Ain has robust economy. It has political stability Weaknesses Weaknesses are the lacking of strengths of any organization. Al Ain organization has also some weaknesses such as: Such laws are there that we cant understand easily. If our business brand name is not powerful. Brand name should be according to Al Ain city religion. Poor performance in front of customers is also a weakness. Highly structured coast. If Business man do not about access to good natural resources. In many cases sometime, a weakness becomes strength for organization. (Strengths and Weaknesses) Opportunities Opportunities are an external part of any organization. For doing business in Al Ain city you have to follow SWOT analysis. So you can find out the opportunities for business in Al Ain: Al Ain citys customer belongs to Islamic culture so you need to understand the customer requirements and satisfaction of customers. Al Ain city have many types of new technologies so these are the opportunities for stabilising business in Al Ain city. Loosening of Regulations Remove the international trade barriers Threats Changing in the external part of an organization also creates many threats. Some examples are: Customers taste always varies according to time change. So organizations always disable to know these things. Growth of substitute product is also creates a threat for an Organization. Increased trade barriers. (Opportunities and threats) Porters Diamond of National Advantage Increasingly, corporate schema does have to be seen globally. Even if an Al Ain organization does not imagine to import-export directly but now they can import and export directly. Because there are many competitors in market, they provide better service so this is the key factor for increasing domestic market. Information technology is making strong to this trend. Michael Porter describes a model that gives permission for analyzing why few nations are competitive than others nations are. He also described that what is the reason behind the success of domestic companies in compression of other nations company. This model is the Advantage for any organization who wants to set our business in Al Ain city. In This model Determining actors of national advantage is known as Porters Diamond. It proposed that organization should have better national home base. It pays an important role for achieving advantage in a global market. This home base helps for building advantages in universal comp etition. Factor Conditions Production factors, infrastructure, like skilled labor etc. These factors are important for setting a business in Al Ain city. These factors provide competitive advantage if we have quality in those factors. These factors categorized into human resources, material resources, knowledge resources, infrastructure, and capital resources. Quality of research, liquidity of national stock markets and deregulation come under factor. Every country has its own set of factor conditions. It explains cost of any organization. Home Demand Conditions Home demand conditions tell the demand of product in market for an organization. They increase the demand of product and quality of service. Porter states that a company can get national advantages in market segment, if company knows home demand clearly. Home demand condition states the value of product demand in international market. Related and supporting Industries The industries that can coordinate activities in the value chain together are called supporting industry. These supporting industry help for improving over business. You are going to set-up a business in Al Ain city so you should collaborate with other well known organization. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Condition in Al Ain tell that what will be the growth of your business, how to organize your business, achievement of goals etc. It provides advantages and disadvantages to your company. Your way of giving instruction is also matters in company. (Porters Diamond) PEST Analysis Al Ain city in UAE operates in micro and macro environment, there are particulars are changing time to time. An internal and external factor of any organization determines the formulation of right strategies and business. The PEST is the only best technique to determines the scanning of macro level environment, in which four factors include as follows (PEST Introduction) P : Political Factors E : Economic Factors S : Socio-cultural Factors T : Technology Factors Political Factors Political Factors majorly cover: Al Ain is the part of the UAE in which the rate of crime is low as well as politically stable city. Also, with the UAE it enjoys financial stability. Its well-developed Infrastructure, robust banking structure features extensive credit and service facilities with ample liquidity for peoples and outsiders or visitors as well. Al Ain has a leading-edge technologies and sound regulatory systems in the city. The government is also committed to consistent commitment to business development, good economic policies including all kind of protection into logical property rights. The UAE benefits from stable and pleasant industrial relations. Finally, there is a well structured, sound legal framework for strong business and a healthy set of ownership rules. Particularly a political factor covers in following points Taxes on product and services Employment news Tariffs Trade Political stability Government policy on economy Control on immigration. Government stability has provided here less taxes duties and food service products with kind of great varieties in shopping centres. Foreigners are permitted to have an ownership right of up to 49% for limited liability companies established within the Emirate of Dubai and up to 100% for number of professional companies, including its branches and representative offices in different cities. All of these factors perfectly give a positive view about Al Ain City. (Political Factor) Economic Factors Economic Factors are important to get the power of customer means purchasing strength of people, stability of economy. The fluctuation of economy impacts the product prices and services there. So more or less following factors are play a vital role Higher the interest rate lowers the investment Economic growth in terms of GDP Inflation rate Exchange rates Very low inflation and unemployment Favourable prediction for growth in the economy Lack of corporate reform Al Ain city is known as the garden city of the Gulf; it is witnessing a marvellous boom in all economic sectors and social activities.   At the time of Town planning, as per the Annual Statistical report of the Al Ain Municipality, in 2002 the Department has issued 1062 fresh construction licenses and interestingly only 53 of them related to government, 12902 new trade licenses also including 2556 for restaurants (2904 in 2001). The number of central parks increased to 26, covering a large area and raised the huge number of date palm trees.   As far as the business growth has increased, a new with high height shopping mall has been added to the city along with a good number of small and medium size businesses and a lot of housing compounds and new multi-storey buildings, as well as a Sheraton Hotel (five star) is under construction. (Economical Factor) Socio-cultural Factors Modern society is playing vital role in development of city with municipal organizations. The bases of them are social and economical environment, municipalitys facilities, and infrastructure.   This city has also known as Garden city of the Gulf. Al ain municipality is providing remarkable service to have latest and highest standards of scientific and technology quality. Al ain municipality also committed to get excellence through its development of business systems. (Socio-cultural Factor) The city of Al Ain, meaning the spring in Arabic has remarkable history and excellent heritage in it. The organization named ADACH, Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage is focusing restoration part of its strategy plan to preserve or guard the physical heritage of Abu Dhabi. Historic buildings require more maintenance. ADACH is responsible for providing the protection to its tangible cultural heritage of Abu Dhabi, and this encompasses the maintenance of buildings, considering a number of sites and important projects, with an extreme focus on historic buildings. Meanwhile, Dr. Sami Al Masri, Deputy Director of department of General for Arts, Culture and Heritage at ADACH, said that a program has been launched for the renovation of a group of historic buildings. All these buildings really needed an immediate intervention, to assure their safety and to avoid deterioration. (Socio- cultural in Al Ain) Technology Factors Technology has a very exploring and rapid growth in the field of construction, expansions, growth with application to the Al-Ain City in Dubai, UAE. These are the use of Virtual Reality techniques really put Al Ain city a bit ahead in technology field. Currently, Reality packs are the most increasing fields of information technology and have a great media attention. There is evidence to suggest that the use of such technology will enhance conceivable image of any aspect of project development at any urban setting for customers, users and clients. So, the city officials and administrators as well as public (users) can reach better life style within their towns and cities. A basic VR model to the street is a very good example of technology construction. The buildings heights in the street are telling the story of growth of technology here. The technology is providing the great look and feel for the visual quality of the city. In essence the part of this study showed that Al Ain visualization is proving to be a remarkable tool for technology designers and planners. Increasing the heights of buildings in the mid-street shows the technologys height and on the edges, along with enforcing distinctive architectural styles for the proposed buildings will enhance the overall quality of the street. Additionally, decreasing the strength of current vegetation and tree heights will increase the imaginable quality of the street. However, the built of a comprehend VR model needs more time, resources and. This report, shows to us that we are moving fast with the help of technology and its day by day new inventions. Human lives are keeping cool by technology. We are now more comfortable to identify existing problems and to quickly evaluate alternative solutions to those problems. (technology factor)

Women In Ballet Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Ballet is an art form born out of the expressionism and creativity of the Renaissance period (Kraus 63). From the first ballet performed in 1580 to the present, women have been portrayed as fragile and dependent on men. One such ballet is The Nutcracker in which the girl-heroine Clara relies on the Nutcracker to save her from the evil Mouse King. The first production of The Nutcracker was performed for critics, public figures, and members of high society and received lack luster reviews on December 17, 1892 (Anderson 40-52). The story opens in the parlor of a middle-class German family, the Stahlbaums, during a party on Christmas Eve. Excitement fills the air in anticipation of the night's festivities. The Stahlbaum children, shy Clara and her brother Fritz, are caught in the enchantment of the evening. Guests arrive and presents are exchanged; all this is a typical Christmas scene, until the magic begins. Drosselmeyer, Clara's godfather, arrives late with his nephew, a boy near Clara's age, and a nutcracker for Clara. Clara very much likes Drosselmeyer's charming and courteous nephew and is also fond of her strange new toy. With the last dance, the party is brought to an end. Clara, unable to sleep, creeps downstairs for one last look at her nutcracker. She falls asleep on the sofa holding the nutcracker in her arms. Clara is awakened to the peculiar sounds of scurrying and rustling. The Christmas tree lights have turned on again, as it grows bigger and bigger. All of the toys, including Clara's nutcracker, have come to life. Suddenly mice invade the room with intentions to rob and plunder. Under the leadership of the fearsome Mouse King, the mice begin to attack the dolls. The dolls retaliate under the leadership of the Nutcracker, but are unable to fight off their enemy. The Nutcracker, left unharmed, engages in a duel with the Mouse King. He appears to be losing when Clara throws her slipper at the Mouse King. This distracts the Mouse King enabling the Nutcracker to deal a final blow to the Mouse King. The mice scatter, and the toys are saved. The Nutcracker thanks Clara and is transformed into Drosselmeyer's nephew. He takes Clara to the palace in the Land of Sweets ruled by the Sugarplum Fairy. Young Drosselmeyer impresses the Sugarplum Fairy with his tale of the night's adventure. As a reward, she promises the children ... ...l that even in Clara's own dream she is being lead by the Nutcracker. This helps further display the belief that a woman not only needs but also wants a man to tell her what to do. Despite being an outdated story for our modern times, The Nutcracker remains a holiday favorite. Some could not imagine Christmas time without watching the dance of the Sugarplum Fairy or the battle of the Mouse King and The Nutcracker. Maybe it is the beautiful dancing, the magical Christmas scenes, or the romantic story, but no matter what, is seems The Nutcracker is here to stay. Bibliography Anderson, Jack. The Nutcracker Ballet. New York: Mayflower Books, 1979. Balanchine, George. Balanchine's Complete Stories of the Great Ballets. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1954. Banes, Sally. Dancing Women: Female bodies on stage. London: Routledge, 1998. Guest, Ivor. The Romantic Ballet in Paris. Middleton: Wesleyan UP, 1966. Kirstein, Lincoln. Four Centuries of Ballet: Fifty Masterworks. New York: General Publishing, 1970. Kraus, Richard. History of Dance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969. "The Nutcracker." International Dictionary of Ballet. 1993

Deforestation and Biodiversity Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pa

Deforestation, defined by biologist Charles Southwick as "the destruction of forests; may involve clear-cutting or selective logging" (p. 365), is a predominantly human-driven process that is dramatically altering ecosystems worldwide. "Clear-cutting" involves the indiscriminant removal of every single plant and tree species from within a selected area. The other major process of deforestation, "selective logging," focuses removal efforts on only specific, predetermined tree species within a chosen area. The statistics gathered about human deforestation over time are considerable, and they can be somewhat controversial. Depending on the source and the location selected, the magnitude of deforestation varies. Southwick estimates that, approximately 10,000 years ago, 6.2 billion hectares (23.9 million square miles) of forest existed on earth (p. 117). That figure is equivalent to 45.5% of the earth's total land. He further estimates that, by 1990, this amount had declined 30%, with onl y 4.3 billion hectares of forest remaining (p. 117). Southwick also acknowledges other estimates that place the total amount of deforestation between 50% and 75% (p. 117). NASA has similar deforestation statistics that confirm these trends. According to their website, 16.5% of the Brazilian Amazon forests have been destroyed. They also note similar magnitudes of deforestation in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam), despite the significantly smaller total area of forest within these countries. These grim figures are somewhat tempered by the NASA finding that, over the past ten years, the deforestation rate has declined from 6,200 square miles per year to 4,800 square miles per year. Though this trend is n... ...later time. Though it is simply impossible to know what the ultimate effects will be on our long term survival as a species, it is important to bear in mind that, once a species has been eliminated through extinction, it cannot be brought back. So, for the overall health of our rainforests, their biodiversity, and the limitless potential contained therein, it is crucial for us, as humans, to make as honest an effort as possible at their preservation. References Southwick, Charles H. Global Ecology in Human Perspective. Oxford University Press: New York, 1996. Vandermeer, J. & Perfecto, I. Breakfast of Biodiversity. The Institute for Food and Development Policy: Oakland, CA, 1995. Websites NASA http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Deforestation/deforestation_3.html National Institute of Health http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1997/105-11/focus-abs.html

Miss Saigon Essay

Miss Saigon is a tragic story of love that is set in 1970’s Saigon during the Vietnam War. It is based on Giacomo Puccini’s opera Madame Butterfly. The story begins in a shady Vietnamese club called â€Å"Dreamland†. The audience is introduced to Kim who is on her first day as a bargirl. Upon entering the stage, she is greeted by the Engineer who owns the club. In the back, the audience can see the other bargirls getting ready for that night and laughing at Kim’s inexperience. It goes back to the front to show U.S. Marines spending time with some prostitutes. The audience is then introduced to Chris Scott and his friend John Thomas who tries very hard to persuade Chris to spend some â€Å"quality time† with one of the girls. In this bar, there is a Miss Saigon title that all of the bar girls vie for, and the winner is given to a soldier for the night. This is the chance for the bar girls to make an American fall in love with them and take them away from Saigon. It is during this contest that Chris first sees Kim. He perceives innocence in her that all of the other girls don’t have. Although a different girl is crowned Miss Saigon, John sees that his friend liked Kim, and so he buys a room from the engineer for Chris and Kim. After some reluctance, they both enter the room. After spending a night together, Chris realizes that he has fallen in love with Kim. It is apparent that she has fallen in love with him too because when he tries to give her money, she refuses it. They both promise their love to each other and Chris tells her that he will take care of her. Chris takes some time off to spend with Kim. They get married, but during the wedding Thuy who is Kim’s cousin comes in and is very angry because he was engaged since they were thirteen. She lets him know that she does not have any feelings for him and that their arranged marriage no longer exists because her parents are dead. Chris then promises Kim to take her with him when he leaves to return to America. Three years late r there is a street parade in Ho Chi Ming City which used to be Saigon. Thuy tells his soldiers to find Kim. She has been hiding in a poor area waiting for Chris to come back. The audience then sees Chris in America with his new wife Ellen. Both Ellen and Kim are very much in love with Chris. Thuy has ordered the Engineer to find Kim, and he brings her to him. He proposes to marry her again, but she refuses. She shows Tam, Chris’s son to him, and Thuy becomes very angry. He is about to kill Tam with a knife but Kim kills him and runs away with Tum. She runs to the Engineer and tells him what she did, he is very unhelpful until he realizes that Tum is Chris’s son. The Engineer’s main mission during the whole play is to get a passport to the United States. He sees Tum as his perfect chance. Thus, he agrees to help Kim and the boy. In the second part of Miss Saigon, the audience is reintroduced to John who is now working with an organization that reconnects children made during the war to their American fathers. John informs Chris that Kim is still alive and this relieves him. John also lets Chris know that he has a little boy and that he should go to Bangkok with Ellen. Because of this, Chris tells Ellen about Tam and Kim. Once again, the Engineer has a shady club in which Kim dances. This is where John finds her and tells her that Chris is back. He attempts to tell her that Chris is married, but Kim is too happy to listen to him and tells her small boy that his father is back. She truly believes that Chris will take them back to America with him. John can’t bear to tell her the truth and instead swears to bring Chris back. The Engineer doubts Chris will come and tells Kim to go find him herself. Thuy’s ghost appears to Kim and he tells her that Chris will betray her as she was betrayed on the night of the fall of Saigon. With this, Kim has a flashback to what actually happened last night. Chris was called to the embassy, and after telling her to pack and leaving his gun with her, he leaves. After entering the embassy the gates are closed and there is a call from Washington for the instant evacuation of the Americans that remained. No more Vietnamese are allowed into the gates. Chris tries very hard to leave the embassy to look for Kim, but John ultimately punches him and he is put into the last helicopter leaving. Kim promises to wait for him. After the flashback, the audience see’s Kim excitedly dressed in her wedding clothes and she goes to where Chris is staying. She finds Ellen and thinks it is John’s wife, but Ellen tells her she is Chris’s wife. Kim, however, does not believe her. She pleads with Ellen to take her boy so that he won’t grow up in the streets. Ellen does not agree, and tells her that they will help him, but that she wants her own children with Chris. Devastated, Kim runs out of the room. Afterwards, John and Chris arrive to find Ellen and she tells them that Kim has visited and knows everything. Chris and John feel terrible that they weren’t able to break it less painfully to her. Ellen makes Chris choose her or Kim, and he reassures her that what they have was much stronger than what he had with Kim. He decides to support his son and estranged wife by sending them money from America, but not actually taking them with him. John cautions that Kim will not let them leave without Tam. They leave to tell Kim what they have decided. Back in her room, the audience sees Kim speaking to Tam. She tells him he has a father now and should be really happy. In her room, Kim tells Tam that he should be happy because he now has a father. She tells him that she cannot go with him but will be watching over him (â€Å"The Sacred Bird†/†Little God Of My Heart†/†This Is The Hour (reprise)†). Chris, Ellen, John, and the Engineer arrive just outside her room. The Engineer comes in to take Tam outside to introduce Tam to his father. While this is happening, Kim steps behind a curtain and shoots herself. As she falls to the floor, everyone rushes into the room at the sound of the gunshot and find Kim mortally wounded. Chris holds Kim in his arms and asks what she has done and why she did this, as she explains that the gods have guided him to his son. Chris begs her not to die, as she asks him to hold her one last time. After sharing one final kiss, Kim says her final words to Chris, echoing what he said to her from the song â€Å"Sun and Moon† (â€Å"How in one night have we come so far?†) and she dies in his arms (â€Å"Finale†).

Statistics, Risk factors and Prevention

Individuals who intentionally end their lives are committing suicide. Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood where individuals tend to have more questions and confusions in life. The stage of development for adolescents is characterized by strong feelings of confusion, fear of uncertainty, self-doubt, stress and social pressures (Byrne, 2000).Adolescent suicide is committed by young people who experience problems and see death as the only way to be free. Adolescent suicide continues to be a serious problem in the society. It is the third leading cause of death for youth ages thirteen to nineteen (Byrne, 2000).Reasons for the Escalation of Suicidal RatesSuicide rates increased more than 200 percent since the 1980's. It is responsible for death among individuals ages 15 to 19. One cause of suicide can be attributed to depression and other emotional problems. Recent studies revealed that more than 20 percent of adolescents in the world are suffering from emotional prob lems.In addition, one-third of the adolescent population who are being treated in psychiatric clinics have been diagnosed with depression (Naik, 2002). Another reason why suicide rates have been escalating is presented in the study conducted by Krug and his associates.According to their research, a single adolescent suicide will affect at least six other people.   If it happens in a school or community, the impact is much greater (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, Lozano, 2004). Suicide rates also continue to increase because of parents who neglect their children who are in this stage.Thus, lack of guidance and support from adults is also one of the contributing factors that lead to suicidal attempts by adolescents as they suffer from great confusion and anxiety brought by social pressures (Grossman, 2005).Nonetheless, suicide affects everyone. However, there are people who are at greater risk than others.   For instance, men are 4 times more likely than women to die through suicide, although there are three times more women than men who report that they attempted to commit suicide (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, Lozano, 2004).It was also discovered in other studies the usual difference in the method used in committing suicide of boys and girls. While girls attempt to commit suicide by overdosing on drugs or cutting their wrist, boys resort to more lethal methods such as using firearms, jumping from heights or hanging their necks (Grossman, 2005).Signs and Symptoms of Adolescent SuicideSuicide may appear as a solution to adolescents' feeling of uncertainty brought by family divorce, the existence of new family member, higher expectations of parents and their quest for self identification. The complexity of adolescent suicide should be the concern of every parent and adult.Hence, early detection of signs of suicidal tendency is very important. The adolescent who are contemplating on committing suicide usually show the following symptoms:changes in [their] eating and sleeping habits, withdrawal from usual activities and from friends and peer groups, certain violent actions and reactions, rebellious behavior, neglect of [their] appearance, marked changes in [their] personality, boredom and declining school performance (McIntire,Angle,Wikoff, Schlicht,1977).These signs are associated with physical symptoms related to emotions and physical concerns like â€Å"headaches, stomach aches, loss of interest in work and activities and intolerance to praises and rewards†(McIntire,Angle,Wikoff, Schlicht,1977).The warning signs of suicide can also manifest after a stressful event in an adolescent’s life such as break up with a loved one, death of an immediate family member, school failure, and intense family conflict (Hayes, 2000).Suicidal tendencies come in many forms. There are those who seek attention by giving verbal hints such as â€Å"I will no longer be a problem in your family and you won’t see me again†(Dumont, 1999,p. 2 8).Another example of a suicide attempt is by giving away most of his treasured possessions, while there are those who show sudden extreme cheerfulness after a long period of depressive moods. Others will have bizarre thoughts and will inform the adults and parents that they wish to end their lives. It is a reality that most people are not comfortable talking about death.When the different signs and symptoms of suicidal attempts are present, these should not be ignored. Learning the early warning signs and symptoms of suicides of adolescents can be of great help to prevent it.Risk factors of Adolescent SuicideRisk factors for adolescent suicide include the following: â€Å"history of suicidal attempts, depression, alcohol or drug abuse, mental disorder, stressful situations and exposure to peers who committed suicide. Sexual abuse and lack of communication with parents are also major factors in adolescent suicide.Adolescents who have a history of suicidal attempts is one of the fac tors that increase the likelihood of committing suicide. Adolescents who have committed suicide previously are in dangerous of doing it again to end their suffering (McIntire,Angle,Wikoff, Schlicht,1977).Drugs and alcohol are also contributing factors that lead to suicide of adolescents. Some adolescents try to drown themselves in alcohol or take drugs to relieve themselves of depression without knowing that some of these components are depressants and will result to self-injurious behavior (Frances, Franklin, Flavin, 1987).Some adolescents can only express their resentments when they are drunk and it is the only time that they are eased from the pains and disappointment in life.Other factors that increase the risk of suicide among adolescents are prevailing psychological disorder like depressive-manic personality, bipolar disorder, and feeling of distress, hopelessness and worthlessness. One good example of adolescent’s depression is the repeated failure at school and the ov erwhelming constant fighting of parents at home which isolate him/her from his/her peers (Wallenstein, 2000).Depression among youth can also be traced from his genetic component, sufferings from physical or sexual abuse, lack of family and network support and hostile school and community environment (Wallenstein, 2000).In addition, studies also show that girls, who are more emotional than boys, are greatly affected by friendships and would more likely develop suicidal tendencies due to depression brought by failed relationships (Wallenstein, 2000).The exposure of adolescents to other adolescents who died of suicide is also a risk factor. They are more likely to kill themselves based on recent suicide event which they read, heard or witnessed (Hayes, 2000).Finally, accessibility to tools that can be used to commit suicide, such as firearms for boys and pills for girls, is one of the risk factors of adolescent suicide. The suicidal tendencies can dramatically increase when adolescents discover or learn that there are firearms at home.Any firearms confined at home should be stored and locked in a secluded area where adolescents can’t reach (Grossman, 2005).Preventing Adolescent SuicideThe adolescent who is unbearably unhappy that he would commit suicide is very painful for parents and adults to understand. The parents cannot afford that their child would commit suicide. If only they could do something to prevent the act ahead of time, they will not bear feelings of grief, guilt and confusion (Wallenstein, 2000).Thus, it is important that everyone has awareness on the risk of suicide and its tragic aftermath. A primary prevention may prevent further suicides in adolescence.The depression and suicidal feelings can be prevented and treated if the parents, adults and other people around him will be able to recognize their resentment. Learning to watch and listen to adolescents who seem depressed due to low school grade performance or a fight with his close fri end should be seriously taken into consideration (Greenberg, 2001).   Parents and adults need to fully understand the adolescent's pressure on his academic performance and why there is a need to act responsibly. It is necessary for parents to realize that aside from their expectations for their child to excel in their academics, adolescence is the stage where parents have to anticipate for the awakening of their child’s sexual feelings, the search for self-identity, and the need for independence (Dumont, 1999).It is of great significance that parents ask their child if he or she is suffering and experiencing problem in school and at home. It is also crucial for adolescents to feel that there are people who care for them. These people need to reassure the young ones that they are willing to listen and talk about their problems (Greenberg, 2001).Thus, keeping an open line of communication is very important to let the adolescent feel that someone is there to care and concerns on his current situation. Adults and parents’ openness and honest communication with adolescents can help suicide attempt.There are circumstances when adolescents do not feel comfortable expressing their dilemma to immediate family members. Hence, a person that will not judge them for their faults such as a relative, religious leader, coach, or school guidance counselor can be a confidante in the place of their parents (Greenberg, 2001).There are helpful strategies to avoid adolescent suicides. One is to talk the act to kill him or her in an open manner. Another is to increase the adolescent’s awareness that there are accessible hotline telephone numbers in terms of crisis.Acting as youth role models and by using television, films and other media as point of discussion for effective ways of dealing with depression are also useful ways to prevent suicidal tendencies It will also be of great help if adolescents will have a chance to share their problems with their friend s or other people their age who can give beneficial advice and support (Wallenstein, 2000).Different ways of helping the adolescent is available from a number of sources like parents themselves, school councilors, teachers, family doctors, clergy men, psychotherapist, mental health care, and social agency. Adolescents with adequate support from parents, peer groups, network of friends, religious affiliations and other extracurricular activities will have an outlet in dealing with day-to-day frustrations and stress.Most of them will not realize the presence of these people and the feeling of isolation from friend and family and will increased their possibility of committing suicide. Medicines and therapy are also means to aid the adolescents disregard suicidal thoughts brought by substance abuse and mental illness (Dumont, 1999)..The greater time provided to adolescents, the better the parents and adults will understand their children’s current experiences (Wallenstein, 2000). Adolescents usually want to feel their parents’ care by being disciplined, but they also want respect and dignity in the process. The emotional bond between parents and adolescents need not be damaged by miscommunication (Dumont, 1999).The devastating effects of emotional trauma of attempting to commit suicide by adolescents should be addressed immediately. The immediate action to take is to close the gap between the adolescent's limited ability to understand the pros and cons of suicide act and the reality of it.While confused, the adolescent needs to be surrounded with support, comfort and love. The establishment of trust among adolescents during critical stage of their life will prevent their attempt for suicide.A suicide attempt is a cry for help by adolescents to help them ease the pain of emotional scars. Adolescent suicide is a complex stage that has a direct impact not only on the victim itself but for the family and entire society and knowing the risks, signs and sy mptoms and preventions could prevent further suicides.Reference:Dumont, M. (1999). Resilience in Adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem and social activities on experience of stress and depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 343-363.Byrne, M. (2000). Evaluation of a conflict resolution and problem-solving programme to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   enhance adolescents’ self-concept. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 28,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   101-113.Blanchard, K. (2000). Great ideas, training and development. University of Minnesota, 24-